World War I, Russian Revolution, Great Depression, and Rise of Extremism
Causes and Consequences of World War I
Causes of the war (1914-1918)
- German nationalism and rivalry with Britain
- Capitalist imperialism
- Military alliances policy
- Rivalry between Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia in the Balkans
- Separatist nationalism in Austro-Hungarian Empire
- War fervor among the population
- Immediate cause: the Austrian heir was killed in Sarajevo
Main countries involved in the conflict
Austria-Hungary and Germany against France, Russia, Britain, Italy and U.S.
- 1917: U.S. intervened and Russia
Spain’s First Republic: A Federal Experiment (1873-1874)
Spain’s First Republic (1873-1874): Proclamation
A Federal Character. The voting courts decided the proclamation of a republic, which was adopted on February 11, 1873. The elected Republican Federal Estanislao Figueras ruled with the support of his party members and some unitary Republicans. Much of the chamber was monarchist, and his vote was a Republican strategy to save time and organize the return of the Bourbon power. No country recognized the Spanish Republic, except the U.S. and Switzerland.
Read MoreSocial and Economic Shifts in the Late Middle Ages
Major Changes in the Late Middle Ages
Social Classes and European States
As the Roman Empire broke up, a new social structure was brewing in Europe. Hundreds of little fiefdoms ruled by feudal lords and nobles were established, as were cities inhabited by merchants who controlled trade with the Middle East. Within the fiefdoms, a new way of producing goods developed. The artisan class hierarchy established a mechanism whereby a master brought a group of students to train them in a trade. In exchange
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic and the Civil War: A Comprehensive Analysis
Unit 7: The Second Spanish Republic
7.1 Social Problems of the Republic and the Constitution of 1931
Following the resignation of Primo de Rivera, King Alfonso XIII commissioned General Dámaso Berenguer to form a government and restore the Constitution of 1876. However, the political system was discredited. On August 17, 1930, Republicans, Socialists, and some Monarchists signed the Pact of San Sebastian, forming an interim government to implement the Republic and later address the independence of
Read MoreFranco’s Spain: Economic Policies and Post-War Development
Economic Developments
Autarkic and Corporate Capitalism
After the civil war, the Franco authorities practiced an autarkic economy. Their goal was to make Spain an economically self-sufficient nation. This involved disproportionate state intervention in the economy.
- Tight control of foreign trade was held through the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the Spanish Institute of Foreign Currency.
- Industrial development was promoted through the Law on Protection and Promotion of National Industry and
French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire: Causes, Phases, and Key Events
French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire
The French Revolution began in 1789, but the country was not pacified until 1795, with the establishment of the Directory. The Revolution aimed to transform France’s social and political structure, abolishing the old regime and implementing Enlightenment ideals.
Causes of the French Revolution
Economic Factors
France faced bankruptcy due to excessive war spending and royal extravagance. Poor harvests led to soaring food prices, triggering widespread riots.
Social