Political Instability in Spain: Reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)
Political Problems in the Reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)
In 1902, Alfonso XIII reached the age of majority, ending his regency. From 1907 onward, the crisis of the party system entered a critical phase. His reign was unstable, marked by several distinct stages:
First Stage (1902-1907): The Division of the Parties
After the assassination of Canovas del Castillo, a leadership struggle ensued.
- a) Among conservatives, Antonio Maura emerged as the new leader of the Conservative Party.
- b) Liberals opted
Spanish Civil War: Madrid Battles and Northern Campaign
Military Actions: Progress Towards Madrid (July-November 1936)
After crossing the Strait, the African troops, commanded by Colonel Yagüe, advanced towards Madrid to seize the capital. In August, the rebel troops captured Badajoz, linking up with the rebel zone in the North. Franco then moved in September to secure Toledo, nearing the Alcázar. The capture of the capital seemed imminent. On October 29, a general mobilization was declared to defend Madrid. Thousands of men and women fortified the
French Revolution: Causes, Events, and Impact 1789-1792
Ideological Causes of the French Revolution
Ideological causes: Illustrated propagation of ideas which claimed changes in society and politics.
Social Causes of the French Revolution
Social Causes: The bourgeoisie accumulated great wealth and influence, but belonging to the Third Estate prevented them from prospering and participating in politics. This led to growing discontent.
Political Reasons for the French Revolution
Political reasons: During the country’s economic crisis, the King of France, Louis
Read MoreKey Events and Figures in Late 19th and Early 20th Century History
The Sepoys
The Sepoys were native Indian soldiers serving the British East India Company. In 1857, a rumor spread that their rifle cartridges were greased with beef or pork fat, which was forbidden for Hindus and Muslims. This sparked a major uprising.
The Zulus
The Zulus had a powerful military empire in Africa, east of the British Cape Colony. They clashed with the British in a series of conflicts. Despite winning some victories, the Zulus were eventually subdued due to the superior resources of
Read MoreJoaquín Costa’s Critique of Oligarchy in Spain
Oligarchy and Despotism: A Critique by Joaquín Costa
The author of this text is Joaquín Costa, the greatest exponent of Regeneracionismo, an intellectual movement of the 19th and 20th centuries that arose from the crisis and Spanish decline. This movement sought to find the reasons for this failure in political, social, and economic systems. In particular, Joaquín Costa seeks the causes of the crisis in the political arena.
The Bourbon Restoration and the Two-Party System
We find ourselves during
Read MoreThe Impact of the 1812 Constitution on Spanish Liberalism
Read MoreThe central supreme board had shown itself incapable of leading the War of Independence on the Spanish side, which would cause its dissolution. Before this happened, in 1810, a process of invitation to the courts was initiated to meet a representative from each provincial board and decide on the organization and the ultimate fate of the central board. At that time, a consultation was organized in the country through the provincial or local authorities on the reforms they should carry out. The results