Key Events of the French Revolution
The Revolution
A) The Estates-General of 1789
- People began to call for an immediate meeting of the Estates-General to deal with the crisis.
- The Estates-General was an assembly composed of representatives from the three French estates: clergy, nobility, and the commoners (Third Estate).
- The main argument was the form of voting:
- Each of the three estates, one vote (supported by the privileged)
- A vote by head (supported by the Third Estate)
- The Estates-General assembled at Versailles in May 1789.
B) National
Read MoreFrancoist Spain’s Transformation: From Isolation to Economic Growth
Francoist Spain’s End of Isolation: US Agreement
From 1948, however, the international situation began to turn in favor of the regime. The Cold War between the U.S. and the USSR led Western powers to overlook the totalitarian nature of Francoist Spain to incorporate it into the anti-communist alliance. Diplomatic pressure and trade restrictions began to fade, finally leading to favorable statements regarding Spain’s isolation.
In 1950, when negotiations had already begun between the U.S. and the Vatican,
Read MoreEuropean Transformation: Modern States & Renaissance Culture
The Modern State Emerges
- Monarchs became more powerful, reformed existing institutions, and created new ones.
- Their main objectives:
- Consolidate their authority
- Control the power of the nobility
- Administer the kingdom’s resources
- Maintain a strong position of power in relation to other monarchs
- They formed powerful armies of mercenaries and prohibited the nobles from forming their own armies.
- They strengthened bureaucracy, with officials directly under their control.
- Centralized power by creating new institutions.
Road to World War II: Aggression, Pacts, & Weimar Republic
The Road to World War II: Fascist Aggressions
Key Aggressions Leading to Global Conflict
1931: Japan Invades Manchuria
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria (China), establishing the satellite state of Manchukuo the following year. As the most powerful nation in the Far East, this marked a significant act of aggression.
1933: Germany Leaves the League of Nations
A pivotal move by the new German government in 1933 led to Germany’s withdrawal from the League of Nations. This action, following the collapse of
Spanish Civil War: Origins, Divisions, and Global Repercussions
The Spanish Civil War: Origins and Global Impact
Coup to Civil War: The Uprising Begins
On June 17, 1936, Colonel Yagüe, commander of the Legion, took up arms against the Republic. The insurrection quickly spread to the rest of the Moroccan Protectorate. Between July 18 and 19, the majority of military garrisons in the rest of Spain joined the coup, along with civilian sectors and Carlist Falangists (Requetés). From Morocco, on July 18, General Franco went to the Peninsula leading the Army of Africa.
Read MoreRome’s Baroque Transformation: Papal Patronage & Urban Design
The Duchy of Tuscany in Florence and the Republic of Venice. When the Turks and Islam were advancing, the different states united to fight them.
The Patronage of Arts and Sciences
The **Pope** served as the center of the Catholic world monarchy, the Church.
Clients played an important role, often occupying government positions. These were rich and educated people who were suitable for the decoration of palaces.
Among major patrons, we can name:
- Cardinal Francesco del Monte: Galileo’s first patron, marking