Russian Empire & Revolutions: 1905-1917
The Russian Empire in the Early 20th Century
In the early 20th century, the Russian Empire spanned over 20 million square kilometers and was inhabited by a diverse mixture of ethnicities and cultures. Russians, the largest ethnic group, made up 40% of the population. The Russian language, Orthodox religion, and administration were imposed on other peoples. Tsar Nicholas II, a member of the Romanov family, had ruled all Russian peoples since 1894. Major cities included Moscow and St. Petersburg, which
Read MoreNationalism and Unification: Germany, Italy, and Britain
Nationalism and Unification in 19th Century Europe
Liberal movements faced suppression from conservative forces, yet the old order could not be fully restored. Monarchs recognized the need to grant concessions to liberal nationalist revolutionaries to prevent societal unrest. Serfdom and bonded labor were abolished in both Habsburg dominions and Russia. In 1867, Hungarians gained greater autonomy.
Unification of Germany (1866-1871)
In 1848, middle-class Germans attempted to unite the German Confederation
Anti-Centralism and Catalan Nationalism in 19th Century Spain
Anti-Centralism: The Popular “Bullangues” Movements
The Bullangues were revolts of urban workers, artisans, and the petty bourgeoisie, particularly significant from 1830 to 1840. People organized in revolutionary juntas with a program that strongly criticized the Church, those in power, and the mechanization process. They also demanded a decentralized policy, further democratization of the state, and more power for local councils. In 1843, “The Jamancia”, a Bullanga, occurred and ended with much
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Key Events and Impact
The Development of the Spanish Civil War
A Long and Bloody War
This war pitted the Nationalists against the Republicans. What began as an unsuccessful uprising became a protracted war of attrition.
Key Military Operations
Initial military operations were launched in four directions:
- Securing the Strait of Gibraltar to facilitate the entry of colonial troops into the Peninsula.
- Advancing north from Seville, aiming to conquer Andalusia and link up with rebel troops in Castile, ultimately pushing towards
Key Moments in 19th Century European History
Exam A
1. The Unification of Germany (1864-1871)
This is a political map of Europe. It represents some countries of the continent, like France and Germany. The yellow color represents Prussia, purple represents the unification of the northern German states, green represents the northern independent states, pink represents the unification of the southern German states, and blue represents Prussia’s conquest of France. Blue lines represent the borders of the North German Confederation, and the red ones
Read MoreAl-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms: Iberian History
Mozarabs: Iberian Christians Under Islamic Rule
Mozarabs were Iberian Christians who lived under the Arabic Islamic rule in Al-Andalus. They did not convert to Islam but adopted Arabic customs. Some migrated towards Christian kingdoms.
Raids: Attacks Behind Enemy Lines
A raid is a sudden attack behind the enemy’s lines with the specific purpose of destroying goods, obtaining property, and capturing slaves, but not taking and holding terrain.
Parias: Tribute Paid by Taifas
Parias were a form of tribute
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