Spanish Restoration and the Reign of Alfonso XII
The Spanish Restoration (1874-1902)
In 1874, during Serrano’s Unitary Republic, Martínez Campos led a pronouncement in Sagunto, proclaiming Alfonso XII King of Spain.
Cánovas del Castillo had been planning to proclaim Alfonso XII of Bourbon as king and restore the Bourbon monarchy. He carefully prepared for the prince’s return and drafted the Sandhurst Manifesto, which the prince signed. However, Martínez Campos acted prematurely, and against Cánovas’s wishes, the Bourbon monarchy was restored
Read MoreAnglo-Irish Treaty of 1921: Arguments For and Against
Arguments For and Against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921
The Anglo-Irish Treaty (Irish: An Conradh Angla-Éireannach) was an agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and representatives of the Irish Republic that concluded the Irish War of Independence. It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State within a year as a self-governing dominion within the ‘community of nations known as the British Empire,’ a status ‘the same as that of the Dominion
Read MoreAthenian Democracy: Rise, Fall, and Philosophers
He lived during the fourth century BC in Athens, a period marked by the development and decline of Athenian democracy, shortly after the death of Pericles. During the Age of Pericles, Athens experienced an artistic, commercial, and philosophical splendor, at the cost of taxes collected from allied city-states. These city-states asked for help from Sparta. As a result of this and the differences between the Spartan polis and the Athenian polis, in the year 431 BC, the Peloponnesian Wars broke out,
Read MoreSpain’s 19th-Century: Liberalism, Monarchy & Republic
The Triumph of Liberalism
During the minority of Isabel II, a period of regencies occurred. Maria Cristina was the first regent; her regency coincided with the First Carlist War. In subsequent years, Mendizabal, in office, took steps to abolish the remnants of the Old Regime, such as the confiscation of Church properties. In 1840, Maria Cristina had to resign due to clashes with progressives, and General Espartero assumed the regency. However, his rule did not please either the progressives or the
Read MoreDaily Life in Ancient Rome: Roles, Slavery, Calendar
Women in Ancient Rome
The life of a Roman woman, particularly a mother, involved demanding work and responsibilities. They lived in simple homes, often a single room with a central fireplace. A woman’s day began early, rekindling the fire, lighting a candle, and then spinning and weaving wool to make clothing. She might be assisted by a godson in these tasks. Fetching water from the fountain was a frequent chore. The mother prepared meals for her husband before he went to the fields, and she
Read MoreImperialism, Colonization, and the First World War
Imperialism and Its Causes
Europe, leveraging its superior technical and financial dominance, launched itself into the world, creating colonial empires.
Causes of Colonialism
- Economic: New markets, new raw materials at the best price.
- Demographic: Excess population, improved living conditions, expansion of the white race.
- Political: If there were wars, it was outside of Europe.
- Ideological: With objectives to educate and teach; black racism.
Exploration and Conquest
Explorations were made thanks to Livingstone
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