French Revolution & Rise of Napoleon (1789-1815)
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
Peasant revolts had been occurring since May 1789. Throughout the summer, riots broke out, and the houses of the wealthy were attacked. This period became known as the Great Fear. Many noblemen attempted to flee France. Most people still desired a king, but one constrained by the laws of the people—a constitutional monarchy.
The National Assembly’s first action was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted in August 1789. The Assembly also
Read MoreLiberal Revolutions and the Congress of Vienna
Key Concepts of Liberalism and the Congress of Vienna
Natural Rights and Liberalism
1. Which natural rights did Locke believe all people had?
The right to protect their life, health, liberty, and freedom; the right to choose their government.
Social Background of 19th-Century Liberals
2. What was the social background of liberals in the 1800s? What were they after?
In the 19th century, most liberals came from the middle classes. They wanted greater freedom and an end to the nobility’s privileges.
Aims
Read MoreIndustrial Revolution and Left-Wing Ideologies
What is the Industrial Revolution?
It is a social, economic, political, and technological process that emerged in Britain around 1760. From Britain, it spread to Europe, the USA, and Japan in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution has the following characteristics:
- It is the origin of capitalism: an economic system based on the free and absolute property of factories, businesses, and capital.
- It means the predominance of industry and services over agriculture.
- It is the triumph of machines, factories,
Key Moments in European History
The Leader of the Church
The Pope, head of the Catholic Church, was the most powerful religious leader. The Pope’s decisions had a huge effect on people’s lives.
The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars against the Church’s enemies in Southwest Asia.
Gothic Architecture
Gothic Architecture is a style known for its pointed ceilings, tall towers, and stained glass windows.
The Feudal System
The Feudal System was a system of exchanging land for military service.
The Manor System
Manor: A large
Read MoreSpain’s 19th-Century Political Turmoil: 1868-1874
The Fall of Isabel II and the Revolution of 1868
A particularly severe economic crisis triggered worker and peasant uprisings. The lower bourgeoisie and popular classes desired greater participation in politics. Progressives (grouped around General Prim), Democrats, Republicans, and General Serrano (previously associated with Canova) joined the opposition to the system.
They signed the Ostend Pact, aiming to dethrone Elizabeth II.
Key Outcomes:
- Elizabeth II’s reign marked the final stabilization of
Nazi Dictatorship, Cold War, and Old Regime: A Historical Analysis
The Nazi Dictatorship
Hitler used rhetoric, promising to work for everyone, reduce industrial profits, and improve wages. He accused Jews, communists, and democrats of being responsible for the crisis in Germany. Nazi militias violently opposed the republic and staged various insurrectionary attempts, clashing with communist organizations and their members. In the 1932 elections, the Nazi party won 13 million votes, and in 1933, Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor. Shortly after, the Nazis orchestrated
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