Spain’s Second Republic: Formation and Reforms
The Second Republic (I)
1. The Configuration of the New Regime
The electoral victory of the Republicans in the cities led to the fall of the monarchy. Alfonso XIII went into exile after the Civil Guard confirmed that the monarchy would not fight. In Barcelona, Macià proclaimed the Catalan Republic, however, representatives of the new provisional government convinced him to trust in its recognition through a future statute. Change was necessary to bury the old Spain of the Restoration.
The bishops
Read MoreCastilian Community Revolt, Conflicts, and Catalan Royal Institutions
Problems of Interest: The Castilian Community Revolt
The revolution of the Castilian community involved protest politics, the economy, and a lack of respect for the laws of Spain. Riots in the fields were defeated by royal troops, and their leaders were executed. The Crown of Aragon faced revolts of peasants and artisans who sought municipal office.
External Conflicts
King Francis I waged war against Castile, which won the Battle of Pavia. There was also war against the Turks, who threatened territories
Read More16th Century Europe: Conflicts, Religion, and Power Shifts
France: Religious Strife and Intervention (1557-1559)
- 1557: Victory at San Quentin.
- 1559: Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.
- Intervention on behalf of Catholics in the religious wars.
- Huguenots (Calvinists) disputed the crown.
The Ottoman Empire: Victory at Lepanto (1571)
- 1571: Victory at Lepanto (Spain, Venice, the Vatican, Genoa, Naples, and Malta) against the Ottoman fleet, led by Don Juan de Austria.
- End of Ottoman dominance in the Western Mediterranean.
Flanders: Revolt Against Spanish Rule
- Resistance from
Spanish Constitutions: 1869, 1876, and 1931 Analysis
Spanish Constitutions: 1869, 1876, and 1931
1931 Constitution
The constituencies where elections were held were mostly won by left-wing parties (Republican Left of Azaña and PSOE). This constitution’s fundamental principles were:
- Spain declared itself an integral state, supporting the autonomy of communities and municipalities.
- Power was divided between the President of the Republic (elected every 6 years) and the Head of Government (elected every 4 years).
- A single chamber was established, with the
Caliphate of Córdoba: History, Power, and Legacy
Caliphate
Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1008)
When Abd al-Rahman III came to power, much of Al-Andalus remained in rebellion against the government of Córdoba. After several years of struggle, he conquered Bobastro, Mérida, Badajoz, Toledo, and finally, Zaragoza.
Then, in 937, began a series of campaigns against the king of León. Although he was defeated by the Christians in Simancas, during his reign the attacks took place, generally with success, and the Christians of the north had to stay within
Read MoreBarcelona’s Tumultuous Era: Labor Unrest, Gunmen, and the Quest for Autonomy
Social Unrest and Gunmen in Barcelona
The early 20th century in Barcelona was marked by significant social unrest and violence, fueled by clashes between employers and workers struggling to cope with economic hardship, particularly the loss of the Cuban market. Key issues included:
- Renewal of machinery
- Reduction of job sites
- Substitution of women for men in jobs
- Fighting for the maintenance of jobs
- Reduction of working hours
- Demanding a decent wage
This struggle is reflected in the general strike in Barcelona
Read More