Key Characteristics of the Enlightenment Movement
3-The Enlightenment was less a philosophical movement than an intellectual current.
The main characteristics of this movement are illustrated:
- In the religious sphere, the Enlightenment advocated religious tolerance. Many enlightened deists maintained natural religion, the theory that natural reason underlies the belief in the existence of a God who created the world. Natural religion is opposed to religious dogma and ensures an agreement on matters of faith and religious tolerance among all human
Islam’s Rise and Medieval Europe: A Concise History
The Emergence of Islam in Arabia
In the seventh century, Islam emerged in Arabia. Mecca was an important religious center, home to the Kaaba, a black stone. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570. At age 25, he married and had three sons and four daughters. The Archangel Gabriel announced that he was the new prophet of Allah and was to preach a religion based on submission to the divine will. He was persecuted for his beliefs, so he left Mecca for Medina in 622; this event is known as the Hegira. By his
Read MoreThe Glorious Revolution and First Spanish Democracy (1868-1874)
The Glorious Revolution
The Six-Year Period in Spain (1868-1874) was a time of significant political change. The term ‘canton’ refers to a territorial and administrative division characterized by a substantial degree of political autonomy.
The press of the time lampooned the political situation during the Spanish administration.
C. Constitution promulgated between 1808 and 1874.
A. Included progressives, led by General Prim; the Liberal Union, led by General Serrano; Republicans; and Democrats. In September
Read MoreBourgeois Revolutions: American and French
Bourgeois Revolutions
The bourgeois revolutions enabled the bourgeoisie to gain political power and social status. These revolutions took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, beginning with two major events:
- American Revolution: Independence of the United States, setting an example for others.
- French Revolution: Ended absolute monarchy and the states system of the Ancien Régime, marking the beginning of the Modern Age.
American Revolution: Causes
The American Revolution was driven by several
Read MoreSpanish Land Confiscations: Impact on Society and Economy
Secularization and Land Confiscations in Spain
Secularization was a fundamental stage in the process of bourgeois revolution. It meant a change in the system of land ownership, and in Spain, this process occurred intermittently with progressive governments. It consisted of the enactment of laws by the state to disentail ecclesiastical and municipal property. The process had several stages:
- First stage: Lands.
- Second stage: Disentailment. In the first phase, by a decree law, these lands passed to belong
Basque Autonomy: From Fueros to 1936 Statute
Basque Autonomy: A Historical Overview (1876-1936)
In the territory of the Basque Country, a Foral regime had always been in force. However, after the defeat of the Carlists, Cánovas del Castillo promulgated the Law of July 21, 1876, which abolished the fueros (charters) in the Basque provinces.
The Rise of Basque Nationalism
Appealing to traditionalism and demanding the full recovery of the fueros, the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) was created in 1895. When the Second Republic was proclaimed in
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