Catholic Monarchs: Reign, Expansion, and Legacy
The Catholic Monarchs: Reign and Legacy
Succession and War of Castile
Jane, daughter of Henry IV, was the heir to the throne of Castile, but the nobles did not recognize her, considering her illegitimate. They proposed her aunt, Isabella, as heir, and she married Ferdinand of the Crown of Aragon.
When Henry IV died, Isabella was proclaimed queen. Alfonso V, king of Portugal, married Joanna la Beltraneja to claim the Castilian throne. Clashes ensued until the Castilian victory in 1476. Later, the Treaty
Read MoreThe Crisis of 1898 in Spain: Origins and Impact
Introduction
The loss of Spain’s last colonies triggered a major crisis, known as the Crisis of 1898. The idea of “regeneration” of the system emerged as a solution, seeking, among other things, to end the practice of *turnismo* (the alternating of political parties in power).
Cuba’s War
To understand the causes of the war in Cuba, we must first look at the Ten Years’ War (1868-1878). This conflict arose from a clash of interests between the Spanish government and the Cuban Creole bourgeoisie. The
Read MoreFranco’s Dictatorship in Spain: Characteristics and Evolution
Franco’s Dictatorship: Main Features
Franco’s regime was characterized by the concentration of political power in the person of Franco. He was the head of state, leader of the government, of the sole national party (FET y de las JONS), and the maximum military authority. Membership was unquestionably key to the leadership of the newborn political system after the military victory of 1939. All political institutions were created to advise the leader.
Their ideology was a mixture of theoretical principles
Read MoreAnglo-Saxon England: Conquest, Conversion, Language
Unit 1: Historical Background
1.1. England Between 449-1066
1.1.1. The Conquest
The Venerable Bede explains that the invasion of Britain began in 449, when the British king Vortigern invited Germanic mercenaries under Hengest and Horsa to help protect Britain from the Picts and Irish. The Roman army had withdrawn from Britain in 410. The invaders came in small bands and spread inland, overcoming British resistance. The newcomers first settled in the south and east of the island, but gradually extended
Read More1812 Spanish Constitution: Liberalism & the Trienio Liberal
The Spanish Constitution of 1812: “La Pepa”
The Spanish Constitution of 1812, also known as “La Pepa,” was enacted by the Parliament of Spain on March 19, 1812, in Cadiz. It holds great historical importance as the first constitution promulgated in Spain and one of the most liberal of its time. Key features included:
- Popular Sovereignty: Power resided in the people.
- Division of Powers: Separation of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
It was the largest of all Spanish historical constitutions,
Read MoreReading and Listening Comprehension Exercises
2010
Serie 1 A: Teen Spirit: The Secret Life of Britain’s Teenage Boys
1 B 5 D
2 D 6 D
3 D 7 C
4 B 8 C
LIS: “Butter, Bread and Green Cheese…”
1 b 5 b
2 d 6 b
3 c 7 d
4 c 8 b
Serie 4 A: Members of Parliament Vote Against Tobacco
1 A 5 A
2 C 6 A
3 A 7 B
4 A 8 A
LIS: Vasa – The Most Expensive and Highly Decorated Warship
1 C 5 B
2 D 6 A
3 D 7 B
4 B 8 C
Serie 2 A: Degrowth: When Less Is More
1 C 5 D
2 D 6 C
3 B 7 D
4 A 8 A
LIS: A Journalist in the Slaughterhouse
1 D 5 C
2 B 6 C
3 A 7 B
4 B 8 A
2008
Serie 2 A: Toxic Friends
1 C 5
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