World War I: Policies, Consequences, and March to War
The Policies and Treaties After WWI
With the war’s great empires disappeared in Europe: the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire, and the Ottoman (Turk) rule. Respecting the principles of Wilson, new nations were created to satisfy nationalist aspirations: Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. In 1928, 28 European states had at least two parliamentary democracies.
The Consequences of WWI
Population Implications
Estimates suggest
Read MoreSpanish Legal History: From Las Partidas to the Constitutions
The Siete Partidas (Seven-Part Code) addressed various legal domains:
- Questions of a civil nature about people, such as marriage, guardianship, serfs, servants, or vassalage (Partida IV).
- Merchant traffic, contracts, loans, and debts (Partida V).
- Inheritance rights (Partida VI).
- Criminal law (Partida VII).
Las Partidas was drafted by a commission of jurists (or by the Royal Chancellery). King Alfonso X likely indicated the text’s purpose and matters to be addressed, reviewing and amending the commission’
Read MoreSpain Under Philip II: Conflicts, Economy, and Administration
The international political idea was the defense of Catholicism and the superiority of the Empire in Europe.
Military Campaigns and Conflicts
1577: The last crusade against Spain’s armed Turks. The alliance of Rome and Venice defeated the Turkish navy at the Battle of Lepanto, but this did not completely block Turkish activity in the Mediterranean.
1566: Revolt of Flanders. Philip II made no concessions to the Protestants. The rebels managed to get help from French and German Protestant princes, and
Read MoreEvolution of European States: From Feudalism to Liberalism
The Formation of European States
The state, as a political and institutional complex within a defined territory, capable of effectively producing standards, using public force, and applying legal coercion on individuals or society under its jurisdiction, is not a new invention, nor is it exclusively European. These features are present in ancient civilizations. Throughout history, states have risen and fallen in diverse locations such as Byzantium, pre-Columbian America, and China.
During the sixteenth
Read MoreNEP and the Rise of Stalin: Soviet Economic and Political Transformation
The New Economic Policy (NEP)
The Soviet economy faced collapse, marked by peasant uprisings and the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921. In response, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) to improve living conditions and quell resistance. The NEP reversed the abolition of private ownership and state control of industry and agriculture, creating a mixed economy. By 1926, the economy had surpassed previous levels. However, the return to market mechanisms drove up prices and exacerbated social
Read MoreKey Events and Changes During Franco’s Final Years
Elements of Change in the Final Stage of Franco: Timeline (late 60s and since 1973) the last years were troubled because of the following circumstances:
- The 1973 oil crisis, leading to conflicts in the workplace.
- Carrero Blanco’s assassination by ETA.
- Increase in ETA attacks and the emergence of other terrorist groups, resulting in military casualties and security forces.
- In 1970, he held the “process villages” and in 1975 the “state of exception” to the anti-terrorism law.
- In September 1975, he executed