The Reign of Queen Elizabeth II: Carlism and Liberalism
The Reign of Queen Elizabeth II
Carlism
The Carlist movement supported the claim to the throne of Ferdinand’s brother, Carlos María Isidro. This movement was linked to the old traditions of the ancien régime, as opposed to the modernity of the liberal revolution.
The main features of Carlism are:
- Political tradition of absolute monarchy.
- Exclusive Catholicism.
- Defense institutions and traditional Basque privileges, Navarre and Catalonia. The Regional Council has been a defining issue of the Carlist
Hundred Years’ War: Causes and Outcomes
Edward III and the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
Edward III, son of Edward II, succeeded his father and initiated the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) against France. Although the name suggests continuous conflict, there were periods of peace. Notably, battles also occurred on Spanish territory.
Causes of the Hundred Years’ War
The war’s origins can be attributed to several key factors:
- Succession Crisis: The French Capet dynasty, originating from Philip III, faced a succession crisis upon Charles IV’
Military Forces in Spain, Civil War Start (1936)
Military Forces in the Spanish Civil War (July 1936)
This bar graph compares the military workforce available to the two warring sides, Republicans and Rebels, at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War (July 1936). The horizontal axis classifies fighters into different categories: officers, soldiers, the Army in Africa, and militia, including the total sum. Each category shows a column for forces loyal to the Republic and forces loyal to the Rebels, with absolute numbers provided. The vertical axis
Imperialism: A Historical Analysis
Imperialism in the Late 19th Century
Imperialism emerged in the late nineteenth century, coinciding with the Second Industrial Revolution. European powers began expanding their influence across the globe, particularly in Africa and established colonial empires.
Economic Causes of Colonialism
- Raw materials and cheap labor were sought.
- New markets were desired.
- Overpopulation led to demographic pressures, with many European families migrating to Africa for a better life.
- Political powers aimed to dominate
Catalanism and the Central State: A History
The Criticism of Centralism
The new Spanish constitution of the nineteenth-century liberal state defined Spain as a unique nation with a unique court, depository of national sovereignty. It would be a state with centralization of politics, economics, administration, and the judiciary, and military forces in Madrid.
This centralized vision was criticized throughout the nineteenth century, especially in Catalonia.
Federalism
In 1840, away from political and social struggle, federalist republicanism appeared.
Read MoreDecline of Dictatorship and Monarchy in 1920s Spain
Economic and Social Policy
Economic Policies
The dictatorship prioritized economic benefits, mirroring the Roaring Twenties. The government supported public works and enacted decrees to protect domestic industry. However, state enterprises struggled to compete with foreign entities. Monopolies, such as Telefónica, were granted, and CAMPSA was awarded oil distribution and sales, leading to state indebtedness.
Social Policies
The dictatorship introduced a labor regulation model aimed at eliminating social
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