Understanding Spanish History: Restoration to Franco’s Dictatorship
The Spanish Restoration (1874-1931)
The Restoration refers to the period that began in 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended. Alfonso XII was restored to the throne following a coup d’état by Martinez Campos. This era concluded in 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
The Turno System
The Turno System was implemented in Spain during the Restoration by Antonio Canovas del Castillo. It was a method of rigging elections and ensuring that both establishment parties had a turn
Read MoreIsabel II’s Reign: Regencies, Carlist Wars, and Liberal State
Isabel II (1833-1843): The Regencies
In 1833, Ferdinand VII died, and his daughter Isabel II inherited the crown at the age of three. Until she was declared of age in 1843, two people successively assumed the regency: first, her mother Maria Cristina (from 1833 to 1840), and secondly, General Espartero (1840-1843). This period was characterized by governmental instability, with over twenty different governments during the decade. This instability was largely due to the First Carlist War, which erupted
Read MoreRise and Fall of Nazi Germany: Policies and World War II
The Rise of Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler created a paramilitary group called the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (DAP). This group was composed of veterans, unemployed workers, and students united by a Pan-German ideology.
In 1920, the group was transformed into the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party.
In 1924, Hitler was imprisoned with General Ludendorff and other Nazis for plotting a coup. The fundamentals of their ideology were racism, violence, anti-communism,
Read MoreFrench Revolution: Causes, Key Events, and Timeline
The Old Regime in France
The Old Regime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the French Revolution.
The Enlightenment’s Influence
The following changes were promoted by a movement that emerged in France. The most outstanding ideas were: confidence in reason, faith in human progress, and criticism of the Old Regime.
The Boston Tea Party
Britain wanted to impose
Read MoreImperialism, WWI, Russian Revolution & Interwar Period
Unit 0 – Imperialism
Age of Imperialism: Beginning 1830s / 1870s – Intensification 1880s – End 1914 (WWl)
Industrial powers: (UK, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Russia* / USA, Japan) – Africa and part of Asia
Driving factors: Economic (new markets, raw materials) – Demographic (settlement) – Political (prestige) – Ideological (humanitarian / racial / social)
- Berlin Conference: (1884 – 1885) – Summoned by Otto von Bismarck – European powers – Avoid clashes in Africa – Basic agreements: Free trade in
Understanding the Second Spanish Republic: Autonomy, Elections, and Reforms
The Second Spanish Republic: A Historical Overview
Autonomy: According to the established constitution, Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Wales drafted their statutes of autonomy.
Events: Catalonia gained extensive legislative and judicial powers, as well as control over public order, within limits defined by the state.
BASC: The Basque Statute was approved during the Civil War.
Galician: In 1932, Galicia already had a draft statute. During the Biennium Black (1933-1936), Azaria fell, Alcalá-Zamora
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