Fascism in Italy and the Rise of Nazism in Germany
The Rise of Mussolini to Power
1 – Rise of Mussolini to power: Debt to finance the war led to higher prices. Demobilization of the army caused unemployment. The population began to support extremist parties—the Communist left and Mussolini’s Fasci Italiani di Combattimento on the right. They aimed to take power by force. Members concentrated in populations of central Italy and executed the March on Rome (October 27 to 28, 1922). Victor Emmanuel III offered Mussolini the government.
Characteristics
Read MoreThe Enlightenment and its Impact in the 18th Century
The 18th Century: A Period of Transition
The 18th century was a period of transition between the early modern age and the modern age in Europe. During this period, important changes took place that led to the collapse of the Ancien Régime and marked the end of the early modern age. One of the main developments in this century was an intellectual movement called the Enlightenment. This movement used reason, science, and education to combat ignorance and reform society.
- Absolute monarchs introduced
Spain’s 18th-20th Century Industrial Revolution
The Textile Industry in 18th-Century Catalonia
Before the 18th century, textile production in Catalonia was insignificant. The rise of Indianes (printed cotton fabrics) spurred growth. A prohibition in 1860 on importing cotton yarn stimulated the proliferation of the modern textile industry. Around 1830, the mechanization process began by installing spinning machines used in Britain. In 1833, the first steam engine started operating. The mechanization of factories gained great momentum by 1860.
Between
Read MoreAl-Andalus: Economy, Society, and Culture
Al-Andalus: Economic and Social Organization
Al-Andalus was fully integrated into the economic world of Islam. This meant that the Muslim territory’s economy was very dynamic. The role of towns was significant, both for artisanal and commercial activities and administration. Many had Roman roots, and others were newly established. They were structured around the castle, the main mosque, and the souk.
The main sources of wealth of the economy were:
- Agriculture: Based on the exploitation of large estates,
The Expulsion of Jews in Spain: 1492 Decree
The Expulsion of the Jews: A Decree of the Catholic Monarchs in 1492
This text examines the context surrounding the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs (RRCC). It challenges the notion that the conversion to Catholicism was a voluntary act, emphasizing it was a decree mandated by the RRCC.
Religious Diversity and the Rise of the Modern State
The Iberian Peninsula was characterized by religious and cultural diversity, with Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Read MoreThe Reign of Queen Elizabeth II: Carlism and Liberalism
The Reign of Queen Elizabeth II
Carlism
The Carlist movement supported the claim to the throne of Ferdinand’s brother, Carlos María Isidro. This movement was linked to the old traditions of the ancien régime, as opposed to the modernity of the liberal revolution.
The main features of Carlism are:
- Political tradition of absolute monarchy.
- Exclusive Catholicism.
- Defense institutions and traditional Basque privileges, Navarre and Catalonia. The Regional Council has been a defining issue of the Carlist