Spanish Constitution of 1812: Summary & Impact
Read MoreThe Central Supreme Board had shown itself incapable of leading the War of Independence on the Spanish side, which would cause its dissolution. Before this happened, in 1810, a process began of inviting representatives from each provincial board to the Cortes to decide on the organization and ultimate fate of the Central Board. At the time, a consultation was organized in the country through the provincial or local authorities on the reforms the Cortes should carry out. The results demanded action
Europe’s Recovery and Transformation: 15th-16th Centuries
The Recovery of the European Population
In the 14th century, Europe suffered from a terrible crisis. There was not enough food to feed everyone, and many died of starvation, as heavy rains swept away harvests. Additionally, the Black Death arrived, killing a quarter of the population. From the 15th century onward, the situation improved.
Economic Growth
The 15th and 16th centuries were prosperous. The population reached pre-plague levels, leading to increased demand for products. New geographical discoveries
Read MoreFrench Revolution: Causes, Phases, and Rise of Napoleon
Phases of the French Revolution
Given the need for fiscal reform, the king was forced to convene the Estates General to seek approval for new taxes. The Third Estate claimed the individual vote, not by estates. From this time, the revolution broke out and developed in several phases:
- The National Assembly and Revolts (1789): The Third Estate abandoned the Estates General and formed the National Assembly to give France a constitution.
- The Constituent Assembly (1789-1791): Its goal was to create a constitution.
Marxism, Imperialism, and Early 20th Century Ideologies
Marxism
Marxism, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century, is a socio-economic theory and a program of action for societal change. Initially presented in the *Communist Manifesto*, it’s often referred to as scientific socialism. Marxism is based on three main areas:
- Analysis of the past through the lens of class struggle.
- Critique of capitalism, focusing on the capitalist’s profit beyond wages (surplus value).
- A vision for the future, including a transitional phase of the
Paris Peace Treaties and Post-WWI Consequences
Peace Treaties: The Peace of Paris (1919-1920)
In 1918, before the end of the war, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points enunciated the principles upon which peace must be based.
At the Paris Peace Conference, attended only by the victors, peace was organized, inspired in part by Wilson’s proposals. Five treaties were signed with the defeated nations, a new map of Europe was designed, and the League of Nations was established to ensure peace in the future.
The Treaty of Versailles, signed
Cánovas’ System: Centralization, Oligarchy, and Politics in Spain
Cánovas’ System: Centralization and Political Control
C. Centralization. The Restoration worked flawlessly, with decisions made by the executive having an immediate impact at the local level. Both mayors and provincial governors were directly appointed by the central government and acted as agents in the process of constant electoral manipulation. When the Carlist War ended in 1876, the last Basque-Navarrese charters were eliminated. This meant that, from this moment, the Basques were subject to
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