19th Century Spain: Constitution, Liberals, and Restoration
Unit 1: The 1812 Constitution
The principal aim of the new constitution was the prevention of arbitrary and corrupt royal rule. It provided for a limited monarchy which governed through ministers subject to parliamentary control. Suffrage favored the position of the commercial class. The constitution set up a rational and efficient centralized administrative system. The 1812 Constitution established the principles of universal suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, freedom of the
Read MoreWorld War I: Causes and Consequences
The First World War (1914-1918)
The First World War, or Great War, was an armed conflict that took place between 1914 and 1918. It resulted in over 10 million casualties. More than 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914 to 1918. Originating in Europe due to the rivalry between imperialist powers, it became the first conflict to cover more than half the planet. It was once the bloodiest conflict in history. Before the Second World War, this war was called the Great War or the War of
Queen Cristina’s Regency: Carlist Uprising & Liberal Reforms
Queen Cristina’s Regency (1833-1840)
The Carlist uprising and subsequent war forced Queen Cristina to trust her husband’s opponents, facilitating the introduction of reforms into the political system. The alliance between the queen regent and the Liberals was an agreement of convenience, as it was the only force capable of maintaining the rights to the throne of Princess Elizabeth. Over the years, the link between the liberal movement and the advocacy of Princess Elizabeth was reinforced.
Royal Charter
Read MoreWorld War I: Contenders, Characteristics, and Aftermath
Contenders (First World War)
The First World War broke out in Europe in 1914. It was a conflict that covered a large territorial extension and was known by its contemporaries as the Great War. The contenders were grouped into two camps:
- The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire, which Bulgaria and other states joined later.
- The Allies or Triple Entente: France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and Serbia, which the United States and other countries joined later.
Characteristics
Read MoreFebruary Revolution 1917: Causes and Consequences
The February Revolution of 1917
2.1 The Impact of World War I
With Russia’s involvement in World War I, most factories were converted into war industries. Essential products became scarce, prices rose, and the purchasing power of wage earners fell significantly. Military defeats against Germany further eroded public confidence in the Tsar, and the increasing influence of Rasputin in court fueled discontent.
2.2 The Fall of Tsarism (February 1917)
The combined military and economic disaster caused a
Read MoreMiddle English Period: Society, Trade, and Education
Middle English Period (1066-1485)
Historical Context
The Middle English period begins with the Norman Conquest in 1066 and ends with the conclusion of the War of the Roses between the House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose). During this era, texts were written in Latin (due to the Church’s influence on education), French (the dominant language for many years, especially in the first half of the period), and Middle English (the vernacular language).
The Legend of King Arthur
The
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