Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): Causes, Development, and Consequences
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Historical Circumstances
The underlying problems of the working class persisted, with wealth concentrated among the elite. This led to a divided society, pitting the right-wing (supported by the Church) against the left-wing (representing the workers).
Remote Causes
- Opposition to liberal revolutions.
- Ideological clashes within the Spanish army.
- Limited modernization, including an unfair distribution of land.
- Influence of dominant European ideologies like Fascism, Nazism, and
19th Century Spain: People and Pivotal Moments
Key Figures and Events in 19th Century Spain
1820: A military takeover of the troops, who were to embark for America to fight the insurgents, led by Riego, forced King Ferdinand VII, unable to control the rebels, to swear allegiance to the Constitution of 1812. Thus began another brief period in the history of Spain, the Constitutional Triennium.
1823: In this year, a French army entered Spain to reinstate Ferdinand VII as absolute monarch. Without much resistance, these troops swept the country,
Read MoreSpain: Dictatorship, Republic, and Political Fronts
Primo de Rivera Dictatorship (1923-1930)
Coup d’état: Originating from political crisis and social unrest. The aim was to end caciquisme and prevent a democratized political regime. A directory was created with both military and civilian members.
Characteristics
- Economic: State and political interventionism, infrastructure policy, and significant economic success (20s).
- Political: Suspension of the constitution, banning of political parties and unions, corporate imitation of Italian fascism, persecution
Anglo-Irish War, Civil War, and Northern Ireland History
The Anglo-Irish War (1919-1921)
- 1916: Reorganization of Irish republicans > Sinn Fein (Éamon de Valera).
- 1918 General election in the U.K.
- Overwhelming victory for Sinn Fein in Ireland (3/4 of seats).
- Dáil Éireann (Jan. 1919).
- Proclamation of an independent Irish Republic.
- The Black and Tans sent to Ireland (1920).
- The IRA rose in arms to defend the Irish Republic.
The Civil War (1922-1923)
- 1921 Partition Treaty (67 vs. 64 votes)
- Irish Free State (Dominion Status)
- Northern Ireland (6 Ulster counties)
French Revolution: Key Stages, Figures, and Interpretations
The Directory (1795-1799)
A new constitution is drafted, creating a new form of government with five directors. The legislature is divided into two chambers: the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Elders. Napoleon Bonaparte begins to distinguish himself.
The Consulate (1799-1804)
Napoleon participated in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, achieving significant victories but also suffering a defeat at the hands of Admiral Nelson. The Consulate is formed with three members, with Napoleon appointed
Read MoreSpanish Second Republic: Black Biennium, Catalonia & Popular Front
The Black or Biennium Rights (1933-1936)
The Electoral Victory of the Right in Spain
The election result was a shift of 33 parliamentary seats to the right.
The Governments of the Right
The Radical Party, with Lerroux as the ruling head of government, proposed to neutralize the left’s reformism.
The new government’s primary focus was on religious, labor, and agricultural issues.
On October 4th, 1934, a new government was formed, including three CEDA ministers.
Asturias and Catalonia in October 1934
The
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