Earth’s Atmosphere: Layers, Phenomena, and Pollution
Earth’s Atmosphere: Layers and Composition
Troposphere
The troposphere is the layer that is in contact with the soil. Here, the temperature drops to -55ºC. This layer contains approximately 90% of the atmosphere’s upper interface.
Stratosphere
The stratosphere has a thickness of 30 km. At the top, ultraviolet rays of the sun collide with oxygen molecules (O2). The reaction releases heat, so the top is about -17ºC. In addition, the stratosphere is a region rich in ozone, the ozonosphere.
Mesosphere
The
Read MoreRenewable Energy, Material Properties, and Sustainable Development
Nuclear Transfer: Generating New Individuals
The following scheme observes nuclear transfer, a process where a new individual is generated using a somatic cell and an egg.
Renewable Energy Sources
Which are the sources of renewable energy?
- Solar: Energy that reaches Earth as electromagnetic radiation from the sun.
- Wind: Energy obtained from the wind, harnessing its kinetic energy.
- Tidal: Energy derived from the movement of marine tides.
- Geothermal: Energy that utilizes the internal heat of the Earth.
- Biomass:
Ancient Greek and Roman Architecture: Temples, Orders, and Urbanism
TMA1
Doric Order
Definition: Doric order is characterized by a base (krepis or krepidoma) with three steps (the upper one is the stylobate, the lower ones are the stereobates), and fluted columns without a base, directly on the stylobate. The fluting (grooves) are typically 20 in number and are sharp-edged (no fillets between them). The column tapers upwards. The capital consists of a cushion-like echinus and a square tablet called an abacus. The entablature is composed of an architrave, a frieze
Read MoreUnderstanding the Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
The Greenhouse Effect
The term greenhouse effect describes the mechanism by which atmospheric gases, particularly carbon dioxide, trap heat near the Earth’s surface. The glass roof of a greenhouse transmits visible light and absorbs infrared (IR) radiation emitted, thus trapping heat. In a way, carbon dioxide acts as a glass roof, except that the temperature rise in a greenhouse is mainly due to restricted indoor air circulation. The transfer of carbon dioxide to and from the atmosphere is an essential
Read MoreHuman Evolution: From Archaic Homo to Modern Society
The Origin, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern Humans
Early Archaic Homo
Early Archaic Homo: < 500,000 BP; Africa, Asia, Europe (Kabwe, Atapuerca). Key examples include Kabwe (Broken Hill) in Africa, Atapuerca in Europe, and Dali in China. These are all skeletal remains.
Physical appearance, technology, subsistence, “teamwork and tools”; Levallois Culture: Mousterian. The stone tool culture in which Neanderthals produced tools using the Levallois technique. Levallois is a distinctive method of stone
Read MoreBeach Erosion: Causes, Impacts, and Prevention Strategies
Beach Formation and Types
Beaches are landforms made of loose sediments shaped by wave dynamics. They form where waves and currents deposit sediment along the coast. Beach types vary with tide changes and are broadly grouped into:
- Free Beaches: Sediments are trapped by topography.
- Comet Tail Beaches: Develop behind obstacles like islets or reefs.
- Tombolo Beaches: Connect the coast to an islet.
- Ear Beaches: Derived from tombolo beaches, reduced by strong currents.
- Coastal Line Beaches: Formed from abundant