Coca, Cocaine, Psychedelics, and Designer Drugs: An Overview
Coca and Cocaine: A Historical Perspective
Cocaine’s introduction to Europe occurred in the mid-nineteenth century. Albert Niemann isolated the active ingredient in 1860, and Wilhelm established the alkaloid’s chemical formula in 1862. In 1884, Karl Köhler performed the first surgical procedure using cocaine as a local anesthetic. Sigmund Freud conducted a pilot study in 1884 to assess its potential in treating psychiatric diseases. Initially, Freud championed cocaine, highlighting its stimulant
Read MoreFishing Grounds: National, Community, and International
Fishing Regions: National, Community, and International
National, community, and international fishing regions:
The fishing activity takes place in any of these regions, setting or pulling. Problems include national and international restrictions and depletion of fishing grounds in community and international waters.
National Fishing Grounds
These are inshore and coastal fishing grounds. The primary operation performed supplies a significant national demand, mostly carried out by artisanal fleets, integrated
Read MoreUnderstanding Isostasy, Hydrosphere, Climate & Elements
Understanding Isostasy
Theory of Isostasy: This theory explains how mountains are supported. It suggests that the mass of a continent floats on a denser layer. Isostasy states that pressures are equal, which supports previous hypotheses. There are two models of isostasy: one vertical, proposed by Airy, and another horizontal, by Pratt.
The Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere definitively encompasses all the oceans, covering a surface area of 360 million km². These areas are vital spaces for natural resources.
Read MoreUnderstanding Environmental Concepts: Land Degradation, Pollution, and Sustainability
Understanding Environmental Concepts
The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) supports the generation of environmental indicators to help countries improve their environmental performance.
Environmental goods are tangible benefits of nature (water, timber, soil, air) that we benefit from directly.
Environmental resources are common biophysical systems that support social life.
Land degradation is the loss of function and ecosystem services, caused by alterations from which the
Read MoreEarth’s Features: Climate, Relief, and More
The Earth is one of the eight planets orbiting the sun. It receives light and heat necessary to form joint vida.el the solar system, a small element of the Milky Way, a galaxy consists of hundreds of millions of stars (the universe).
Spring equinox: March 21st. Summer solstice: June 21st. Autumn equinox: September 23rd. Winter solstice: December 22nd. Translational motion: It has a duration of 365 days, 6h and 9min (a year.) Land to be no angle, the quantity of hours of sunlight varies throughout
Fossils: Understanding Earth’s Past Life
Fossils
A fossil is any remains of a living organism or its activity that lived in another era and has reached our days transformed into a rock. This generally includes remains such as shells, eggs, leaves, or traces.
Fossilization Process
- An organism dies and is covered by sediments.
- The soft parts rot, but the harder parts remain long enough for the outer surface to be imprinted in the sediment.
- Sometimes, these hard parts are mineralized and are well preserved.
- The hard parts are dissolved, and the