Cereal Grain Processing: From Storage to Milling
Gas Production and Dough Ripening
Gas Production and Retention: CO2 generated does not create bubbles; it only inflates them. It depends on sugar content. Gas retention depends on gluten.
Dough Ripening: Fermentation and mechanical manipulation make the dough less sticky and more rubbery. Elasticity and spring are relaxed. Oxidation agents might be needed.
Crust and Crumb Color
Crust Color: Brown due to Maillard reactions (amino acids and reducing sugars).
Glaze: Due to starch gelatinization.
Crumb Color:
Read MoreMorphostructural Units: Formation and Evolution
Morphostructural Units: Types
Types of Morphostructural Units
- Sockets: Formed on plains during the primary or Paleozoic era due to erosion of razed mountain ranges from that era’s orogenesis.
- Solid Ancient Mountains: Mountains formed in the Tertiary period by the re-emergence of a block from a plinth as a consequence of Alpine orogenic movements.
- Folding Ridges: Large mountain ridges that arose during the Tertiary orogeny due to the folding of sedimentary material, such as limestone deposited in
Understanding Fish Population Dynamics and Sustainable Fishing
Population Definition
A population is a set of individuals of a species that lives in a particular habitat, exhibits the same biological behavior, and is kept in balance with the environment. Within a population, there is competition between individuals for food and favorable reproduction ratios. An area typically hosts multiple populations of different species that are interrelated, often forming part of a food web. If we consider the volume of each population, we can analyze the proportion of individuals
Read MoreEarth Science: Processes, Layers, and Environmental Impact
Filtration
Filtration is used to separate solid and liquid components in heterogeneous mixtures, such as in sewage treatment.
Settling
Settling separates heterogeneous mixtures of liquids with different densities, such as water and oil.
Evaporation and Crystallization
Evaporation and crystallization are used to separate solutions of solid and liquid components, for example, in a saline solution.
Distillation
Distillation separates solutions of liquid components, such as in perfumes and alcoholic beverages.
Read MoreVolcanoes and Earthquakes: Formation and Types
Volcanoes
A volcano is a geological structure from which magma (molten rock) and gases from inside a planet rise and emerge. This generally occurs in violent episodes called eruptions. A volcano is the only conduit that puts the terrestrial surface in direct communication with deep levels of the Earth’s crust. In the mantle’s depth, magma under pressure rises, creating magma chambers below or within the cracks in the rocks of the crust. The Earth’s crust provides an outlet for the intense pressure,
Read MoreIndustrial Rocks and Minerals: Types and Uses
Industrial Rocks
Rocks that are exploited by their physicochemical properties, regardless of the substances and energy that may be extracted.
- Aggregates: Formed by stones or pieces of various sizes. Used mainly in public works or construction (e.g., basalt, quarries, marble, slate, sand, gravel).
- Agglomerates: Formed by a compact mass of material, with a cohesive agglomerating material (e.g., marble, cement, lime, gypsum, margin, clay).
- Construction Rocks: Divided into ornamental rocks, which can be