Recombinant DNA Technology and Evolutionary Theories

Recombinant DNA Technology

Recombinant DNA technology involves several key steps:

  1. Locating and Isolating the Gene: Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into fragments, isolating the desired gene.
  2. Choosing a Vector: A vector (plasmid or virus) is cut with the same restriction enzyme. The isolated DNA is joined to the vector DNA using DNA ligases, creating recombinant DNA.
  3. Introducing Recombinant DNA: The recombinant DNA is introduced into a host cell, creating a transgenic organism.
  4. Checking Gene Expression:
Read More

Tsunamis: Formation, Impact, and Safety Measures

The Destructive Power of Tsunamis

In 479 BC, when Persian soldiers besieged the Greek city of Potidaea, the tide retreated much farther than usual, leaving a convenient invasion route.

But this wasn’t a stroke of luck. Before they had crossed halfway, the water returned in a wave higher than anyone had ever seen, drowning the attackers. The Potidaeans believed they had been saved by the wrath of Poseidon…

…but what really saved them was likely the same phenomenon that has destroyed countless others:

Read More

Earth’s Energy: Sources, Transfer, and Phenomena

Energy

Energy Transfer Mechanisms

  • Convection: Heat transfer by mass movement or circulation within a substance.
  • Radiation: Energy emitted by matter at a given temperature, produced directly from the source outwards in all directions.
  • Conduction: The only way to transfer heat in solids.

Forms of Energy Entry and Exit on Earth

Reflection and Radiation

Winds

Winds are the movement of air in the atmosphere, especially in the troposphere, due to natural causes. It is a meteorological phenomenon. The cause of

Read More

Organisms, Environment, and Climate Factors

Agencies and Environment

Organisms are categorized into domains:

  • Bacteria: Unicellular and prokaryotic, most are surrounded by a cell wall. Some perform photosynthesis, primarily absorbing their food from the environment.
  • Archaea: Prokaryotic and unicellular, many can survive in extreme conditions. Their method of feeding is by absorption.
  • Eukarya:
    • Protista: Eukaryotic, unicellular, may perform photosynthesis, ingest, or absorb their food. They often move using cilia or flagella.
    • Fungi: Generally absorb
Read More

Wastewater Treatment: Key Concepts and Processes

Wastewater Treatment: Key Concepts

  1. As SRT increases: Sbeff decreases and XH increases

  2. What is the right definition of SRT? V/Qw

  3. What is the process that inactivates pathogens in ozone disinfection? Breaking cellular membrane.

  4. What is the coagulation process? Formation of micro-flocs from destabilized colloids.

  5. What cations are responsible for the hardness of water? Mg2+ and Ca2+

  6. If the partial pressure of a gas increases, the solubility in water of the gas: Increases

  7. What type of particles are responsible

Read More

Wessex and Tumulus Cultures: Bronze Age Britain & Central Europe

Wessex Culture

The Wessex culture flourished in prehistoric Wessex, a region geographically located in the south of Great Britain during the Bronze Age. Chronologically, it developed particularly during the Early Bronze Age. Their burial practices included both inhumation and cremation, with or without burial mounds, either isolated or in groups. Around 1600 to 1400 BC, cremation became the dominant rite.

It is believed that the inhabitants lived in dwellings constructed from reeds and wood. The abundance

Read More