The Influence of the Sun, Moon, and Lithosphere on Earth
Sun and Moon
The Sun is a star
Weather
Activity on the surface of the Sun creates a type of meteorology called space weather.
Space weather
Describes the variations in the spatial environment between the Sun and the Earth.
Climate
Solar radiation heats the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition.
Seasons
Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons. For example, when the earth’s axis points toward the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere.
Read MoreEarth’s Layers and Physical Properties: A Comprehensive Overview
Earth’s Layers
-Layering determined by the differences in both chemical composition and physical properties
-On basis of chemical composition: earth has three layers:
core (dense inner sphere)
Radius 3500 km, 95% iron+ 5% nickel
Inner core (solid) we know it’s solid because both p-waves and s-waves pass through it
Outer core (liquid) we know it’s liquid because p-waves pass through it but s-waves cannot
Mantle (less dense) 2900 km made of rock-peridotite
Lower mantle 2400 km (solid)(bottom)
Asthenosphere
Understanding Plate Tectonics and the Dynamics of the Earth
The Internal Engine of the Earth
The internal dynamics of the Earth depend on two factors: internal energy in the form of heat, and the force of gravity. The internal temperature of the Earth increases as the distance from the surface increases; this is called the geothermal gradient. In the crust, the average geothermal gradient is 3 *C per 100 m. In volcanic areas, it can be as high as 10 *C per 100 m estimated according to extrapolations based on lab experiments and on seismic data.
Heat Flow in
Read MoreUnderstanding Climate Change and Its Impact on the Environment
Climate Change and Its Impact
Climate change occurs when the patterns change in time (winter months get warmer) and space.
Why be interested in cc?
- Determines human-managed ecosystems.
- Effects on the weathering of rock, the type of soil that forms, and the rate of soil formation.
- Determine the quantity and quality of water available for human use.
- Determines the severity of droughts, storms, and floods.
- Determines the nature and locations of biomes.
How do we study cc?
- Air bubbles in ice cores
- Annual tree
Impressionism: A Pioneering Art Movement
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Understanding Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Rocks: A Geological Overview
Volcanoes
Volcanoes are openings in the Earth’s crust where molten material emerges. Parts of a volcano include the magma chamber, chimney, crater, and volcanic cone. Volcanic eruptions involve the release of gases and liquids, with different types of eruptions such as Hawaiian, Strombolian, and Pelean.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes are sudden movements in the Earth’s crust, causing seismic waves. They are measured and recorded using seismographs, and the risk of seismic events is influenced by factors such
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