Metals, Wood, and Stone: Properties, Applications, and Treatments
Metals:
- Gangue and ore:
In any mineral can distinguish two parts:
- The Ganga: ferrous substances that are mixed with the mineral and must be removed.
- The Mena: all bodies are combined with the metal.
- Properties of metals:
- Mechanical:
- Strength: tensile, compression, bending and shear.
- Deformability, elasticity, plasticity, etc.
- Tenacity.
- Hardness, from: striped, penetration and cutting
- Weldability.
- Electrical: electrical conductivity.
- Thermal: thermal conductivity, expansion.
- Chemical: Oxidation corrosion (especially
Evolution of Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics
First World Atlas – 1570, Abraham Ortelius
North America and Europe can be fitted together. Biblical Flood.1600, Francis Bacon
An ancestral continent.
Mobilism – mountains made by shifting continents.
Permanentism – Continents are fixed in position connected by land bridges which sink to create oceans.
1858, Antonio Snider Pellegrini
Earth’s plan -Continents move as sheets by tidal centripetal forces.1910, Frank Taylor
Continental drift and Pangea
Used distribution of coal mines and glacial deposits, match
Formation and Types of Volcanoes: A Comprehensive Overview
Volcanoes generally form along the edge of the tectonic plate which prevails over a subduction zone. Cracks in the crust caused by the instability of the overlying plate allow magma to move towards the surface and form a magma chamber. Further cracks in the crust allow magma to be ejected from the chamber and form a volcano.
Lava can be divided into three general groups: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolithic. Basaltic lava contains 48% – 58% silica, is basic and is very fluid, with a temperature of
Read MoreUnderstanding Soil Degradation and Desertification
Salinization and Leaching
Salinization: salt is drawn upwards from deep layers of soil, creating a thin layer of salt on top of the soil. Leaching: substances such as minerals, nutrients, or contaminants are washed out or carried away from the topsoil.
Soil Composition
Triángulo 50 Clay 30 Silt 20 Sand (LOAM): What’s the balance of clay, silt, and sand for loam? Primary Productivity: The capacity of soil to supply nutrients and water for plant growth.
Impact of Deforestation
How does cutting down trees
Read MoreThe Influence of the Sun, Moon, and Lithosphere on Earth
Sun and Moon
The Sun is a star
Weather
Activity on the surface of the Sun creates a type of meteorology called space weather.
Space weather
Describes the variations in the spatial environment between the Sun and the Earth.
Climate
Solar radiation heats the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition.
Seasons
Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons. For example, when the earth’s axis points toward the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere.
Read MoreEarth’s Layers and Physical Properties: A Comprehensive Overview
Earth’s Layers
-Layering determined by the differences in both chemical composition and physical properties
-On basis of chemical composition: earth has three layers:
core (dense inner sphere)
Radius 3500 km, 95% iron+ 5% nickel
Inner core (solid) we know it’s solid because both p-waves and s-waves pass through it
Outer core (liquid) we know it’s liquid because p-waves pass through it but s-waves cannot
Mantle (less dense) 2900 km made of rock-peridotite
Lower mantle 2400 km (solid)(bottom)
Asthenosphere