Exploring the Fundamentals of Science: From Classical Mechanics to the Cosmos
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Aristotle: understanding motion is the same as understanding nature itself (Keen observations and metaphysics)
Galileo: father of modern science. Treat nature as things that can be studied and measured; experiments (inclined plane experiment: the first mathematical law of nature)
Newton: Mechanical view of the universe
Sun and Planet gear changes linear motion to a circular one
Joules performed an experiment, showing heat is a form of energy 
Heat is the random
Read MoreThe Dynamic Earth: A Journey Through Its Layers, Processes, and Hazards
The Geosphere: One Dynamic Earth
Layers of the Earth
Crust:
A thin, solid layer. There are two types: oceanic and continental.Mantle:
Composed of the rock peridotite. It is solid or rigid, but plastic.Core:
Has a metallic composition, formed by an Fe alloy with Ni-S and other elements. It is liquid.
Continental Crust
Consists mainly of granitic rocks but presents great diversity.
Types of Rocks:
- Sedimentary Rocks: Formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments. Usually occur in strata. Different
The Hydrological Cycle, Water Pollution, and Ocean Currents: An In-Depth Exploration
The Hydrological Cycle
Water is evaporated from the oceans and continents by the direct action of solar energy, or indirectly through transpiration from plants. Evaporated water condenses and forms clouds. Due to gravity, they release the water as precipitation. Water falling over the land surface then flows over the ground surface (surface runoff) and other infiltration becomes part of the groundwater. Groundwater moves generally very slowly and is fed from springs (groundwater runoff).
Influence
Read MoreAdvantages of Concrete Sleepers Over Wooden Sleepers in Railway Tracks
SHOOTING IN WOOD SLEEPERS: DURATION AND WAYS TO INCREASE
Main Causes:
Mechanical Milking:
The rail is supported by the crossbar from an area of 182 cm2, which is subjected to a pressure of 90 Kp/cm2, equivalent to a load of 16 tn. On curves, the pressure increases as the sleeper is subjected to lateral forces and the stress distribution is not uniform under the edge of the dump. Besides the rail foot requested by the horizontal axis, it acts against the walls of the notch. This is widened, and the
Read MoreEnergy System Features: Environmental & Economic Impacts
Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems
1 Chemical Contamination
Physico-chemical pollution associated with energy production stems mainly from the combustion of coal, oil, and gas. We can categorize this pollution based on the type of pollutants produced.
Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CO, and CH4
Certain gases in the atmosphere allow solar radiation to reach Earth but trap some of the reflected radiation, causing a warming effect that can lead to climate change. CO2 is the most significant greenhouse gas,
Read MoreHarnessing Solar Geometry and Natural Elements for Sustainable Design: A Bioclimatic Approach
SOLAR COURSE: The Earth is the 3rd planet from the sun and is covered mostly by water. The atmosphere consists of nitrogen and oxygen. The temperature varies between -50 and 50 degrees Celsius, with an average of 22 degrees Celsius. Understanding solar geometry, ground motion, translation, Earth’s rotation around the sun, and the Earth’s rotation around its own axis is crucial for sustainable design. The Earth’s orbit is elliptical, and its axis of rotation has an angle of 23.45 degrees, which causes
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