Advantages of Concrete Sleepers Over Wooden Sleepers in Railway Tracks
SHOOTING IN WOOD SLEEPERS: DURATION AND WAYS TO INCREASE
Main Causes:
Mechanical Milking:
The rail is supported by the crossbar from an area of 182 cm2, which is subjected to a pressure of 90 Kp/cm2, equivalent to a load of 16 tn. On curves, the pressure increases as the sleeper is subjected to lateral forces and the stress distribution is not uniform under the edge of the dump. Besides the rail foot requested by the horizontal axis, it acts against the walls of the notch. This is widened, and the
Read MoreEnergy System Features: Environmental & Economic Impacts
Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems
1 Chemical Contamination
Physico-chemical pollution associated with energy production stems mainly from the combustion of coal, oil, and gas. We can categorize this pollution based on the type of pollutants produced.
Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CO, and CH4
Certain gases in the atmosphere allow solar radiation to reach Earth but trap some of the reflected radiation, causing a warming effect that can lead to climate change. CO2 is the most significant greenhouse gas,
Read MoreHarnessing Solar Geometry and Natural Elements for Sustainable Design: A Bioclimatic Approach
SOLAR COURSE: The Earth is the 3rd planet from the sun and is covered mostly by water. The atmosphere consists of nitrogen and oxygen. The temperature varies between -50 and 50 degrees Celsius, with an average of 22 degrees Celsius. Understanding solar geometry, ground motion, translation, Earth’s rotation around the sun, and the Earth’s rotation around its own axis is crucial for sustainable design. The Earth’s orbit is elliptical, and its axis of rotation has an angle of 23.45 degrees, which causes
Read MoreIrrigation Structures and Methods in Agricultural Campuses
Irrigation Structures in Agricultural Campuses
Efficient Water Management
Efficient water management is crucial in agriculture and can only be achieved with adequate infrastructure to control water flow. Farmers often face the challenge of getting water to their property efficiently. This involves using various structures, some of which are permanent and others portable or temporary.
Diversion and Conveyance Structures
These structures are built at the head of a channel or river. Channels are classified
Read MoreGeneral Classification & Properties of Engineering Materials
General Classification of Materials
For their study, materials are grouped into:
- Metals
- Ceramics
- Polymers
- Compounds
Each of these groups has general physical and chemical properties that distinguish them and make them suitable for different engineering applications.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials
Physical Properties:
- Weight (Effect of gravity)
- Mass (Amount of matter within a volume)
- Volume (Amount of space occupied by a body)
- Density (Mass per unit volume)
- Specific Weight (Weight
Exploring Global Biomes and the Impact of Disturbances on Biodiversity
Sources of Complexity in Ecology
- Variability: Graphical presentation and statistics
- Integrative: Interactions among numerous variables
- Contingency: Sequence of events matters
These sources are interconnected.
Branches of Ecology
- Ecology: Study of where things live, “oikos”
- Physiological Ecology: Organismal level
- Population Ecology: Species level
- Community Ecology: Study of the distribution, abundance, and interactions of co-existing populations
Evolution and Phylogeny
- Evolution: Study of change in the genetic