A Comprehensive Guide to Dam Types, Structures, and Control Elements
DAMS
Definition
Dams are water reservoirs designed to store water. Their functions include:
- Supplying water for consumption
- Controlling flow to prevent flooding
- Harnessing water power for energy transformation (electrical, mechanical, etc.)
Classification of Dams
Types of Dams by Structure:
- Gravity dams
- Lightweight gravity dams (buttresses)
- Arch dams
Types of Dams by Material:
- Concrete dams
- Embankment dams
- Mixed dams
Types of Dams by Application:
- Filter dams
- Storage dams
- Flood control dams
- Diversion dams
- Energy production
A Comprehensive Guide to Dam Types, Components, and Control Mechanisms
DAMS
Definition
Dams are barriers constructed across rivers or valleys to create reservoirs for water storage. Their primary functions include:
- Water supply for consumption
- Flood control
- Hydropower generation
Classification of Dams
Types of Dams Based on Structure
- Gravity Dams
- Buttress Dams (Lightweight Gravity Dams)
- Arch Dams
Types of Dams Based on Material
- Concrete Dams
- Embankment Dams
- Earth Dams
- Rockfill Dams
- Earth-Rockfill Dams
- Composite Dams
Types of Dams Based on Application
- Check Dams
- Flood Control Dams
- Diversion
The Water Cycle, Pollution & Sustainability of Aquatic Resources
The Water Cycle
- Renewable: atmosphere, rivers (circular process)
- Middle ground: groundwater aquifers
- Non-renewable: oceans, icecaps
Transfers are: advection, flooding, surface run-off.
Storages: oceans, soils, groundwater, lakes
Human Impact on the Water Cycle
- Withdrawals: domestic use, irrigation in agriculture and industry
- Discharges: adding pollutants to water
- Diverting rivers or sections of rivers
Urbanization and Flash Floods
Ocean Currents and Energy Distribution
- Ocean currents: movements of water vertically
Natural Hazards and Risk Assessment
Natural Hazards and Risk
Natural hazard is defined as the probability, small or large, that the population of an area suffers damage or disaster resulting from a natural process. Risk is the probability of losing human lives, property, or productive capacity due to any natural phenomenon. Natural hazards are physical phenomena of geological, atmospheric, or hydrologic origin that occur slowly or quickly and affect a territory or area at national, regional, or global levels. Geohazards can be endogenous
Read MoreIntroduction to Astronomy
Planetary System
A planetary system consists of one or several central stars and planets orbiting around them.
- Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
- Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Makemake, Orcus, Sedna…
Celestial Motion
- Planets revolve around stars.
- Satellites revolve around planets.
- Comets revolve around the Sun. A comet is a ball of gas and dust with a tail.
- Asteroids orbit within a star system. When entering a planet’s atmosphere, they disintegrate and fall as
Introduction to Geology: Earth’s Structure, Rocks, and Plate Tectonics
Chapter 1: Introduction to Geology
The Development of Geology
- Mid-1600s – James Ussher
- Catastrophism
- Earth’s landscapes shaped primarily by catastrophes
- 1795 – James Hutton
- Uniformitarianism
- The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have operated throughout geologic past
- The present is the key to the past
The Earth system is powered by the Sun, which drives external processes in the:
- Atmosphere
- Hydrosphere
- At Earth’s surface
The Earth system is also powered by Earth’s interior.
- Heat remaining