Hazard Classification and Vulnerability: A Comprehensive Guide
Hazard Classification
Based on the origin, hazards are classified into:
Biological Hazards
Processes or phenomena of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins, and bioactive substances. Examples of biological hazards include:
- Epidemic and pandemic diseases
- Plant or animal contagion
- Insect or other animal plagues and infestations
Geological Hazards
Geological processes or phenomena that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage,
Read MoreHazard Classification, Risk Assessment, and Vulnerability Types
Hazard Classification
Based on the origin, hazards are classified into:
Biological Hazard
Process or phenomenon of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic micro-organisms, toxins, and bioactive substances. Examples of biological hazards include epidemic and pandemic diseases, plant or animal contagion, insect or other animal plagues and infestations.
Geological Hazards
Geological process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property
Read MoreEarth’s Atmosphere, Climate Change, and the Indian Monsoon
Rocks
The lithosphere has various types of rocks. Rocks are naturally occurring, hard, consolidated, inorganic materials composed of one or a large number of minerals.
Types of Rocks
- Igneous: These rocks are formed by the solidification of magma in the Earth’s interior or lava on the surface. Igneous rocks are composed of primary minerals, which are predominantly silicates. Igneous rocks sometimes overlap with sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
- Sedimentary: Sedimentary rocks are formed by precipitation
Understanding Earth’s Atmosphere, Monsoons, and Global Warming
Rocks
Types of Rocks in the Lithosphere
Rocks are naturally occurring, hard, consolidated inorganic materials composed of one or multiple minerals. Here are the three main types:
- Igneous: Formed by the solidification of magma (interior) or lava (surface). Composed primarily of silicate minerals. Igneous rocks can sometimes overlap with sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
- Sedimentary: Formed by the precipitation from solutions and consolidation of remnants of biotic components like plants and animals.
Landforms and Rocks: A Comprehensive Guide
Landforms and Rocks
1. Reasons for Landform Characteristics
(i) Young vs. Old Fold Mountains
Young fold mountains: These recently uplifted mountains are still being actively eroded, resulting in sharp peaks, deep valleys, and rugged terrain.
Old fold mountains: These mountains have undergone prolonged erosion, leading to gentler slopes and rounded summits as the sharp features are worn down.
(ii) Rift Valleys and Block Mountains
Block mountains: Formed by the uplift of crustal blocks along faults. Uplifted
Read MoreA Comprehensive Guide to Landforms and Rock Formation
Landforms and Rock Formation: A Comprehensive Guide
1. Understanding Landform Development
Reasons for Different Landform Characteristics:
(i) Young vs. Old Fold Mountains:
- Young fold mountains have rugged topography due to recent uplift and ongoing erosion, resulting in sharp peaks and deep valleys.
- Old fold mountains exhibit gentler slopes as erosion over time wears down peaks and valleys.
(ii) Rift Valleys and Block Mountains:
- Block mountains form when crustal blocks uplift (horsts) or downthrow (grabens)