Brick Masonry: Types, Joints, and Construction Techniques
Brick Masonry: Techniques and Terminology
In brick factories, bricks are placed, overlapping both longitudinally and transversely. The system adopted to interlock the whole structure is called “bonding,” and it is done with mortar. The horizontal layers of bricks are called “courses.” The lines of mortar are called “joints.” Specifically, vertical joints are called “perps,” and horizontal joints are called “beds.” The thickness of these joints is typically between 5 and 12mm.
Types of Joints
- Recessed:
Hominid Evolution: From Australopithecus to Homo
Hominid Evolution: From Australopithecus to Homo
Hominids are a group of non-arboreal primates that originated in Africa approximately 7 million years ago. Human beings are hominids, but not all hominids are human beings; only those belonging to the genus Homo.
Key Features of Hominids:
- Bipedal, upright locomotion: This characteristic influences the position of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes. The vertebral column becomes more circular to better support vertical
Santa Maria del Naranco: A Ramirense Architectural Marvel
Santa Maria del Naranco
Santa Maria del Naranco, built by King Ramiro I (842-850), who named the style “Ramirense,” was originally a palatial residence in the forest recreation area of Naranco, near Oviedo, the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias. The present church, formerly the Aula Regia (throne room), along with San Miguel de Lillo, is a remnant of the complex of buildings from this era. Its artistic value lies in the advanced approaches of its brilliant architect, while its historical value stems
Read MoreEarth Science Concepts: Big Bang, Risks, and Waste Management
Earth’s Structure and Composition
Ocean: Continental thickness 30-40 km, Rigid. Mohorovicic Discontinuity: Higher density. Lower Mantle: Plastic. Gutenberg Discontinuity: Depth 2900 km. Outer Core: Liquid, depth 5100 km. Inner Core: Solid. Earth’s radius: 6378 km.
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang theory posits that all matter, space, and energy were concentrated in a single point of extreme density and temperature. This point underwent a massive explosion, leading to the expansion of the universe.
Read MoreUnderstanding Refrigerators: Principles and Applications
Understanding Refrigerators
A refrigerator is any device capable of lowering the temperature of a particular object or place to make it lower than its surroundings.
Top-Operation
To explain its operation, it’s necessary to understand that there is a relationship between work and heat consumed or vice versa. Whenever the final state of the system is equal to the initial state, heat cannot transfer spontaneously from a colder body to a hotter one.
The cold produced by evaporation of a fluid is due to
Read MoreEarth’s Structure, Processes, and Geological Formations
Earth’s Internal Structure and Composition
- Cortex (Outer Layer)
- Mantle
- Upper Mantle
- Lower Mantle
- Core
- Outer Core (Iron and Nickel)
- Inner Core (Iron)
Earth’s External Structure and Physical Behavior
- Lithosphere – Rigid outer layer
- Asthenosphere – Beneath the lithosphere, a plastic and deformable layer
- Mesosphere – More rigid due to non-plastic materials
- Outer Core
- Inner Core
Relief Transformation Phases
- Orogeny – Mountain-forming processes
- Gliptogenesis – Relief wear from erosion
- Lithogenesis – Formation of new rocks