Social Transformations in 19th Century Spain: Rise of the Labor Movement
Social Transformations in 19th Century Spain
Population Growth and the Shift to a Class Society
Spanish society underwent significant changes in the 19th century, particularly after the death of Fernando VII in 1833. The old stratified social structure, based on estates with differing rights and obligations, began to give way to a class society where income became the primary factor in social division. This period also saw a significant increase in population due to improvements in nutrition, medical
Read MoreUnderstanding Physical Quantities and Their Measurement
Physical Size
Definition
Every measurement aims to assign a numerical value to a property of an object, such as length or area. These properties, known as physical quantities, can be quantified by comparison with a standard.
Examples of Physical Quantities
Examples include mass, length, time, density, temperature, speed, acceleration, and energy.
Types of Physical Quantities
Physical quantities can be classified based on several criteria:
- Mathematical form: scalars, vectors, or tensors.
- Additivity: extensive
Economic & Social Transformation in Spain: 1959-1973
Development: (1959-1973)
During this period, Spain experienced a high-growth economy and underwent industrialization. This led to a developed urban phenomenon, an increase in the average standard of living, and significant social change, all while under the Franco dictatorship.
1. Economic Development:
In 1959, an economic stabilization plan was implemented to stimulate the economy. Key elements of this plan included:
- Foreign investments, credits, and equity
- Foreign exchange from Spaniards working in
Masterpieces of Art and Architecture
Parthenon
Chronology
447-432 BC
Style
Classic Greek style, built by Iktinos and Callicrates, under the supervision of Phidias.
Materials
Pentelic marble and wood.
Building System
Trabeated.
Preceding the Parthenon, there was an initial temple that was never finished and was replaced by the current construction. This building, done on a human scale, with a predominance of straight lines, as implied by the trabeated construction. Greek architecture took Egyptian architecture as a reference, also marked by
Read MoreItalian & German Unification: A Comparative Overview
Italian Unification
The Divided Peninsula
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna divided Italy into eight states. Austria controlled much of the north, including Lombardy-Venetia. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, with its burgeoning industries and influential bourgeoisie, emerged as a key player. This region, along with Savoy, had abandoned absolutism. Central Italy comprised four duchies (Parma, Modena, Lucca, and Tuscany) essentially satellite states of Austria. The Papal States, governed by the Pope,
Read MorePrehistory: The Dawn of Humanity
What is Prehistory?
Prehistory is the earliest stage of human history, spanning from the appearance of our first ancestors approximately 5 million years ago to the invention of writing around 5,000 years ago. The defining characteristic of prehistory is the absence of written records. It is broadly divided into three periods: the Paleolithic, the Neolithic, and the Age of Metals.
Studying Prehistory
Our knowledge of prehistory comes from surviving remnants, primarily fossils. Fossils are the preserved
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