Spanish Landforms Glossary: A Guide to Iberian Relief
Alpine Orogeny
Tectonic movements at the beginning of the Tertiary period formed major mountain ranges like the Pyrenees and Betic Cordillera. These Alpine mountains are steep due to intense erosion from ice and snow. The Iberian range, also formed by this folding, has less dramatic relief.
Appalachian Relief
In areas like Sierra Morena, Montes de Toledo (Villuercas), and Montes de Leon (Sierra Cabrera), differential weathering levels soft rocks while hard rocks (mainly quartzite) form ridges or crests.
Read MoreWeather Elements in Spain: A Comprehensive Guide
Weather Elements in Spain
1. Cloud Cover and Insolation
Insolation is the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth’s surface. Due to its latitude, Spain receives over 2,000 hours of sunshine per year. However, there are significant contrasts between the Cantabrian coast, which receives less sunshine, and the southeastern peninsula and islands, which receive high insolation.
Cloudiness refers to the extent to which the sky is covered by clouds. The cloudiest area in Spain is the Cantabrian coast.
Read MoreDynamic Earth: A Journey Through Earth’s Systems
Theme 2: The Dynamic Earth
The Atmosphere
Earth is a planet characterized by active gases like methane and oxygen, which react rapidly. This dynamic atmosphere absorbs heat from the Earth’s surface, causing expansion.
Liquid Water on Earth
Why does liquid water exist on Earth’s surface?
- Gravity and Atmospheric Pressure: Earth’s gravity maintains atmospheric pressure, limiting evaporation.
- Greenhouse Gases: These gases prevent the hydrosphere from freezing.
Moving water erodes material from highlands to
Read MoreEarth’s Surface and Internal Processes
Earth’s Surface Processes
Weathering
Weathering is the alteration of rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface due to atmospheric agents. There are three types of weathering:
- Physical/Mechanical Weathering: Common in extreme climates (e.g., cold deserts) with minimal liquid water. Examples include frost wedging, thermal expansion and contraction, salt crystallization, and root action.
- Chemical Weathering: Involves chemical reactions between rock and fluids, prevalent in wet areas.
- Biological Weathering:
The Tertiary Sector: Energy Sector Composition
Energy Sector Overview
The energy sector is a complex set of productive activities that are difficult to classify using conventional methods. It encompasses extractive activities (e.g., coal mining), industrial processing (e.g., refineries, power plants), and service activities (e.g., transmission, distribution, marketing).
Within the energy sector, a distinction is often made between “fuels” (coal, oil, natural gas) and electricity. It’s important to distinguish between primary energy sources (coal,
Read MoreUnderstanding Health, Diseases, and Treatments
Health and Sickness
The Decline of Infectious Diseases
The decline of infectious diseases is primarily due to the availability of clean drinking water, effective sanitation networks, and good nutrition. Life expectancy in developed countries has doubled in the last 80 years due to advancements such as antibiotics, vaccines, and other medical and health achievements.
Personal Conditions for a Good Old Age
- Consume alcohol in moderation
- Avoid smoking
- Maintain a stable partner
- Engage in physical exercise
- Stay