Key Iberian Geographic & Meteorological Concepts
Key Geographic Concepts
River Basin
A watershed or drainage basin is a spatially delimited area where all surface water drains into the sea through a single river or into an endorheic lake. It is bounded by a line of summits, such as the Tagus basin.
Slope Basin
A set of rivers and their tributaries that flow into a sea, characterized by similar hydrological features. The Pacific slope is an example.
Torrent
A natural water flow located in a mountainous area with steep slopes, irregular flow, and significant
Read MoreAir Pollution: Sources, Types, and Dispersion
1.10 Air Pollution
The presence in the atmosphere of materials, substances, or forms of energy that involve a risk of serious discomfort, injury to health, or damage to the safety of the environment, people, and other property of any nature. Air contamination at certain times.
A. Pollution Sources
Natural
They include emissions of pollutants generated by natural activity:
- Volcanic eruptions, contributing to atmospheric pollutants.
- Forest fires occur naturally and emit high concentrations of smoke, dust,
Steel Tempering: Factors, Techniques, and Treatments
Factors Affecting Steel Tempering
Several factors influence the achievement of optimal steel tempering, including:
- Steel type and structural state
- Thermal conductivity
- Part size
- Cooling medium
The initial structure’s grain size affects the critical cooling speed; larger grains slow down austenite transformation.
Hardenability
Hardenability refers to steel’s ability to achieve depth of hardening, not its toughness. Methods for measuring hardenability include:
- Impact fracture observation
- Acid etching to reveal
Soil Composition, Properties, Formation, and Risks
Theme 6: Soil Processes and Risk
1. Characteristics of a Soil Profile
The study of soils requires the opening of a cost sheet to find bedrock. Soils are structured in horizontal layers, called horizons, which together constitute the soil profile.
- O Horizon: The outermost, superficial layer, rich in humus (organic matter decomposition) and living organisms. Also called the vertical washing area, because water-soluble compounds and mineral fragments are dragged toward the horizon below. Provides nutrients
Material Properties, Ferrous Metals, and Steel Production Processes
Material Properties
Sensorial Properties
- Touch: Includes texture, shape, and feel.
- Smell: Odor characteristics of materials.
- Color/Optic: Material reaction when light falls on it.
- Opaque: Do not allow light to pass.
- Translucent: Allow light to pass, but not clearly.
- Transparent: Allow light to pass clearly.
Thermal Properties
Reactions against heat. Insulating materials prevent heat transfer.
Magnetic Properties
Capacity of a ferrous metal to be magnetized.
Chemical Properties
Attraction or repulsion. The most
Read MoreEarth Science: Geology, Geomorphology & Tectonics
Earth Science Fundamentals
Key Disciplines
- Geomorphology: The study of landforms and surface processes (geo – earth; morph – form).
- Physiography: The study of land and sea distribution and relief formation.
- Geology: The study of Earth’s structure, composition, and materials (minerals and rocks).
- Soil Science (Pedology): The study and classification of soils and soil horizons (0-305 meters).
- Climatology: The study of climate.
Earth’s Internal Structure
- Core: Earth’s center, composed primarily of iron; inner