Masonry Construction Techniques and Standards
Masonry Fundamentals
Typical Installation Thicknesses
- Rope: 15 cm thickness.
- Wall: 30 cm thick.
- Tambourine: 6 to 7 cm.
- Wall (alternative): 30 cm thick with 15 cm spun joint.
Key Masonry Concepts & Terms
- Confined Masonry: Masonry built between reinforced concrete columns (pillars) and beams (chains).
- Reinforced Masonry (Armed Masonry): Masonry incorporating steel reinforcement (e.g., turnbuckles) within hollow bricks or joints.
- Spun Joint (Vertical Mortar Bed): The thickness of the vertical mortar joint,
Tipos de Ambientes Sedimentarios e Modelaxe Xeolóxica
Ambientes Sedimentarios Continentais
Clasifícanse segundo o axente xeolóxico ao que pertencen:
- Fluviais: Son propios dos ríos.
- Torrenciais: Están relacionados coas augas salvaxes.
- Glaciares e torrentes: Son os que están asociados aos glaciares.
- Eólicos: Aqueles nos que a sedimentación dos materiais ten lugar polo vento.
- Cársticos: Son os producidos polas augas que disolveron certas rochas.
Ambientes Sedimentarios Mariños
Clasifícanse segundo a posición xeográfica e as súas características
Read MoreUnderstanding Earth’s Geosphere: Structure and Study Methods
Methods for Studying the Geosphere
The methods used to study the geosphere are classified as follows:
- Direct Methods: Study based on samples obtained by drilling or direct sampling. Information can also be obtained from mines, oil drilling, water wells, and volcanoes.
- Indirect Methods: Based on analyzing and interpreting physical characteristics of our planet, such as Earth’s gravity, seismic waves, and density.
Meteorite Analysis
These celestial bodies are thought to originate from asteroids or remnants
Read MoreEnergia, Medi Ambient i Patrimoni Natural a Catalunya
Producció Energètica a Catalunya
L’energia és la capacitat d’un sistema per produir accions externes, és a dir, qualsevol acció que provoqui un canvi. En última instància, gairebé tota l’energia que utilitza la humanitat a la Terra té el seu origen en el sol.
La disponibilitat d’energia és essencial per al funcionament de l’economia d’un país i un indicador del seu grau de desenvolupament. Catalunya és un país dependent energèticament, ja que només produeix el 32% del total de l’energia
Read MoreUnderstanding Ecological Disturbances: Types, Impacts, and Factors
Ecological Disturbances: An Overview
Disturbance: A relatively discrete event in time, causing a disruption in ecosystems, changing the substrate and availability of resources, and creating opportunities for the establishment of new individuals. Disturbances are partly allogenic and autogenic because their impact is the result of both the magnitude of the disturbance and the resilience of the community to the particular type of alteration.
Key Temporal and Spatial Attributes of Disturbances
- Type: Agents
Unveiling the Universe: From Big Bang to Galaxies
The Universe: Composition
Visible Matter:
- Normal (0.4%): Stars, planets, and intergalactic hot gas
- Normal non-luminous (3.6%): Black holes and intergalactic gas
Invisible Components:
- Dark Matter (21%): Unknown composition, inferred from mass measurements.
- Dark Energy (75%): Unknown nature, responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe.
The Origin of the Universe: The Big Bang
All matter was concentrated in a small area and underwent a massive explosion (the Big Bang). Matter was propelled
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