Water Properties, Circulation, and Resources Management
Importance of Water for People, Industry, Agriculture, Ecosystems, Recreation, and Landscape
- The human body is comprised of approximately 80% water.
- A loss of 12% of body water can result in death.
- The minimum amount of water required, depending on climate, is 2-7 liters per day.
- Average water consumption for domestic purposes is 135-150 liters per day.
- In developed countries, it is 500 liters per day per person.
Functions of Water:
- Domestic and municipal purposes
- Navigation of rivers and channels
- Industrial
Mineral Flotation: Process, Reagents, and Variables
Flotation in mining is a physicochemical process widely used for the separation of sulfide minerals from their concentration or the separation of different mineralized species, exploiting the properties of hydrophobicity. It is induced by chemical reagents: collector, foaming agents, and modifiers.
Objective of Flotation
The flotation process is based on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of minerals. This is essentially a behavioral phenomenon of solids in water. Flotation is performed using
Read MoreMethods and Effects of Food Preservation Techniques
Food Preservation by Moisture Control
Dehydration, Drying, and Concentration of Food: Water is removed under natural conditions in the field, in cooking and baking food, and controlled processes of dehydration. Aimed to increase the shelf life of foods, reduce the weight and volume, reduce costs of transport, packaging, and storage, and to produce products with convenience of use.
Physical Principles Involved: Transmission of heat and removal of water are facilitated by increasing the surface of food,
Read MoreEnvironmental Risks and Energy Production in Catalonia
Energy Production
Energy is the ability of a system to produce external actions. Any action that results in a change, such as the direct action of sunlight on the atmosphere, creates differences in temperature, giving rise to wind, waves, and rain. Energy sources that come directly from the sun are called wind, hydro, solar thermal, and solar photovoltaic.
Renewable Energy
The main types of renewable energy used in our country are hydroelectric, wind, solar, and biomass. While hydroelectric energy
Read MoreCivil Protection and Emergency Response in Madrid
PLATERCAM: Civil Protection in the Community of Madrid
The Community of Madrid, by virtue of its powers, has prepared the Territorial Plan of Civil Protection of the Community of Madrid (PLATERCAM), approved by Decree 85/1992 of December 17, with the character of Master Plan. The PLATERCAM is intended to address situations of serious risk, catastrophe, or public calamity that may arise within their territory and establish the general organization.
Assumptions in Plan Implementation by Levels:
- Level
Manufacturing Processes and Materials: Properties and Applications
Manufacturing Processes and Materials
Key Definitions
- Process: The set of activities ordered to achieve a particular goal.
- Manufacturing: A group of organized activities scheduled for the processing of materials, objects, or services into articles or services useful to society.
- Material: A substance used to produce any element.
- Efficiency: The numerical relationship between the amount achieved by a system and the maximum amount that the system can achieve.
- Effectiveness: Estimating the fulfillment of