Climate Change Impacts and Natural Hazards
Evidence of Global Warming
Retreating glaciers (in recent decades, glaciers have receded, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, also affecting the ice or frost layer covering polar oceans, losing 40% of their thickness), rising sea levels (currently 3mm annually due to melting ice), increased global temperature (reflected in the above), more frequent extreme weather events (droughts, floods, and heat waves are more common), and living organisms modifying their behavior and distribution (migrations
Read MoreBeach Formation and Sediment Composition
Beach Formation
A beach is a deposit of unconsolidated sediments, ranging from sand to gravel (excluding mud, typically found in alluvial plains or mangrove coasts). It extends from the base of the dune or vegetation line to a depth where sediment movement ceases. This depth varies depending on beach bathymetry, geomorphology, and wave action.
Sediment Composition
Beach sediments vary in composition depending on their source:
- Lithogenic/Terrigenous Sediments: Originate from the Earth’s crust. These
Earth’s Dynamic Processes and Atmospheric Phenomena
Unit 7: Earth’s Structure and Processes
Earth’s Layers
Core: The inner zone of higher temperature and density, occupying 17% of Earth’s volume. The high temperature is due to the disintegration of uranium and other radioactive elements.
Mantle: Occupies 82% of Earth’s volume with a density slightly lower than the core. Mostly solid except for the asthenosphere, located between the mantle and crust. Convection currents within the asthenosphere move the tectonic plates of the lithosphere.
Lithosphere
Read MoreAncient Roman Architecture and City Planning
Roman Architecture and Engineering
Key Innovations
Rome’s architectural prowess stemmed from their innovative use of the arch and vault, evident in structures like the Pantheon. They also developed the composite capital, blending Ionic scrolls with Corinthian acanthus leaves. Another Roman creation was the Tuscan order, a simplified Doric style with a base, smooth shaft, and a smaller, more intricate capital.
Temples
Roman temples, unlike their Greek counterparts, were rectangular and elevated on
Read MoreEnvironmental Law: Key Concepts and Regulations
Environmental Law Questions and Answers
Section 1: General Principles
Question 1
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- Currently, environmental factors are considered an opportunity for firms to obtain a strategic market position.
- Non-adherence to an environmental management system based on ISO standards involves legal liability.
- The failure to comply with environmental law involves only loss of image and competitiveness for the company.
- Environmental legislation related to waste, soil, water, air, noise, and biodiversity is preventive,
Spain’s Climate & Vegetation: Analysis and Water Policy
Climatic Regions of Spain: Analysis
Commentary on climograms: analysis of temperature, rainfall, and aridity according to Gausse, Draft-Meyer according to Lautensach; classification according to Köppen.
- Oceanic Climate: Average annual temperature (AAT) 15ºC, maximum not exceeding 22ºC, minimum 6-10ºC, range 9-12ºC; precipitation: more than 800mm, maximum in winter, minimum in summer, maximum two dry months.
- Coastal Mediterranean Climate (Typical): AAT 17-17.5ºC, minimum 11-11.5ºC, maximum can