Earth’s Structure, Plate Tectonics, and Rock Deformation
Rock Cycle
The rock cycle involves processes that modify rocks, transforming them into sediments. On the Earth’s surface, weathering breaks down rocks into sediments, which are transported by geological agents and accumulate in sedimentary basins. Within the Earth’s crust, high pressure and temperature transform sediments into rocks.
Factors within the Crust:
- Pressure: The weight of overlying rocks increases with depth.
- Temperature: Increases with depth, approximately 3°C per 100 meters.
- Compression
Spain’s Natural Environment: Hazards, Pollution, Conservation, and Climate
Nature and Environment in Spain
Natural hazards are environmental features that threaten human life or can produce catastrophic consequences. Geological risks originate from within the Earth or externally. Hydrometeorological hazards, such as floods, are frequently caused by heavy rainfall. Actions against these natural hazards include:
- Construction of infrastructure to mitigate common risks.
- Creation of welfare and surveillance systems.
- Implementation of emergency protocols by promoting natural risk
Evolution of Geographical Knowledge and its Subfields
Evolution of Scientific Knowledge
Prehistory: Agriculture, natural resources, and populations represented by humankind.
Antiquity: Anaximander’s world map, Earth’s sphericity, parallels and meridians, the geocentric model by Aristotle, Ptolemy, Eratosthenes, etc.
Middle Ages: Compass (Chinese), invention of zero (Maya), Al-Idrisi’s world map and 70 local maps, Ibn Battuta’s travels.
Renaissance: Evidence of Earth’s sphericity from Magellan’s voyages, invention of the telescope by Galileo Galilei, the
Read MoreSpain’s Water Diversity: Influencing Factors and Geographical Analysis
Diversity Strategy and Spain’s Biogeographical Influence Factors
Factors influencing Spain’s water diversity are:
– The weather: River, lake, and aquifer water originates from precipitation. A sharp contrast exists between wet and dry Spain.
– Relief and topography: These influence basin organization, erosive capacity, and the formation of lakes and aquifers.
– Lithology: Rock type and characteristics determine permeable (filtered water) and impermeable rocks (favoring runoff).
– Vegetation: This retains
Environmental Systems and Impacts
Causal Relationships in Ecosystems
Causal systems involve interactions or causal relationships, which can be simple or complex.
Simple Causal Relationships
These involve a direct, unilateral influence of one variable on another.
- Direct: An increase or decrease in one variable causes the same change in another (e.g., increased atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to increased plant biomass).
- Inverse: An increase or decrease in one variable causes the opposite change in another (e.g., increased forest cover
Ecology Fundamentals: Exploring Ecosystems and Their Interactions
Ecology Fundamentals
Food
Establishing relationships with their living environment for the matter and energy needed for nourishment.
Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
- Producers (Autotrophs): Manufacture their own organic matter from inorganic substances.
- Consumers (Heterotrophs): Feed on living organic matter. Types include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
- Decomposers (Heterotrophs): Feed on detritus and turn it into inorganic matter.
Food Chain
A series of linearly ordered organisms.
Food Web
A
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