Earth’s Resources and Pollution: A Comprehensive View
Natural Resources
Natural resources are materials found in the environment that are useful to humans. There are two main types:
- Non-renewable resources: These resources have geological origins and take thousands of years to regenerate, making them limited. Examples include land, fossil fuels, and minerals.
- Renewable resources: These resources are generated continuously and are not limited. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, and resources obtained from animals and plants.
Water Resources
Water
Read MoreUnderstanding River Deltas, Regression, and the Vital Role of Mangroves
River Deltas: Formation and Characteristics
DELTA: A delta is a triangular landform created at the mouth of a river by the deposition of sediments as the river flows into a larger body of water. The river often splits into multiple channels, forming islands of deposited sediment. Deltas and estuaries are the primary types of river mouths found in seas, lakes, oceans, or other major rivers. Their formation is influenced by the tidal range.
Ebro Delta Regression: A Case Study
REGRESSION Ebro Delta: The
Read MoreConstruction Materials, Methods, and Foundations
Construction Fundamentals
- Human Needs: Satisfying diverse human requirements.
- Techniques: Applying learned technologies and methods.
- Artistic Aspect: Reflecting social and cultural norms.
Construction Process Elements
- Project: Developing graphic and documentary plans for the work.
- Planning: Techniques managing production means, methods, weather, execution phases, interrelationships, and correcting deviations.
- Method: The chosen construction system.
- Material Provision: Supplying materials for each phase.
Ecology Essentials: Abiotic and Biotic Environmental Factors
Ecology Definition by Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel first used the term ecology. Ecology is the branch of natural science focused on the study of living organisms and their relationships with the abiotic and biotic environment.
Abiotic Factors
1. Water and Sanitation
Water is the universal solvent and a primordial factor in ecosystem formation. Alongside wind, it can change the geography of an area. It is a renewable natural resource, intervening through the hydrologic cycle, giving character to an ecosystem.
Read MoreScientific Method, Earth Structure, and Cosmic Origins
Fundamentals of Scientific Inquiry
One can consider a range of general characteristics that define scientific work.
The Role of Questions
Posing questions is a crucial aspect of science. The ability of scientists to ask critical questions about reality is fundamental.
Hypothesis Formulation and Testing
The formulation of hypotheses starts from an idea based on observations or the knowledge of those who have previously studied the phenomenon. Making assumptions is a key moment. Statistical hypotheses
Read MoreDrilling and Blasting Techniques in Tunnel Construction
Overbreak Definition and Consequences
Overbreak is an undesirable effect produced when the volume of rock excavated due to blasting is larger than the theoretical volume. It can be expressed as the ratio of the difference between the actual cross-section (Sa) and the theoretical one (St): (Sa – St) / St. The over-profile or extra-profile can also be defined as the ratio of the difference between the theoretical and real areas of the cross-sections to the perimeter of the tunnel, excluding the floor:
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