Earth’s Historical Archives: Rocks, Strata, and Geological Principles
Earth’s Historical Archives: Rocks and Geological Processes
Rocks, historical archives of the Earth, are formed in geological processes and are recorded, useful for:
- Conserving traces of the environment: where sediments were deposited, undergoing transformations by high temperatures and pressures.
- Containing fossils: they provide information on what inspired it, can know the age of rocks and environmental conditions in which it was.
- The information is recorded in strata in chronological order and serves
Geography & Climatology Glossary: Key Terms Explained
Geography & Climatology Glossary
- Alcornoke: Evergreen hardwood with thick bark, used for cork, growing in siliceous soils with high rainfall.
- Flurry: Mobile deposit left by a water course formed by boulders.
- Thermal Amplitude: Difference between maximum and minimum temperatures.
- Anticyclone: Mass of high atmospheric pressure; pressure decreases from the center outwards, exceeding 1013 millibars.
- Aridity: Condition resulting from a lack of rainwater.
- Avenida / Flood: River flood flow.
- Badland: Formation
Transformation of Society: Economy, Class, and Labor
The Industrial Revolution
General Concepts
- The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-18th century.
- It consisted of a set of large-scale changes that transformed an agricultural and trade economy into an industrialized one.
- The causes were:
- Increased agricultural production through fertilizers, land utilization, and machinery.
- Improved livestock quality, providing food for the population and raw materials for industry.
- Rapid population growth, decreased mortality, and improvements in hygiene
Understanding Natural Disaster Risks: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and More
Understanding Natural Disaster Risks
Risk Assessment: Risk level depends on several factors:
- Hazard (Peligrosidad): Probability of an event occurring.
- Exposure (Area Afectada): The value and number of people or assets in the affected area (ecological, economic, and cultural zones).
- Vulnerability: Percentage of susceptibility to damage and potential for victimization.
The risk can be calculated as: RISK = Hazard * Exposure * Vulnerability
Types of Natural Disasters
Geological (Endogenous and Exogenous)
- Endogenous
Environmental Issues in Spain: Pollution, Desertification, and Fires
Environmental Issues in Spain
Air Pollution
Air pollution is generated by the emission into the atmosphere of harmful gases consisting of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen, together with aerosols and particles suspended in varied compositions. Some of these gases affect the ozone layer and produce greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming. In Spain, most of these noxious gases come from energy production systems and industrial activities. Also, a significant amount of contamination
Read MoreEarth’s Resources and Pollution: A Comprehensive View
Natural Resources
Natural resources are materials found in the environment that are useful to humans. There are two main types:
- Non-renewable resources: These resources have geological origins and take thousands of years to regenerate, making them limited. Examples include land, fossil fuels, and minerals.
- Renewable resources: These resources are generated continuously and are not limited. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, and resources obtained from animals and plants.
Water Resources
Water
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