Water Treatment and Building Plumbing: Essential Practices
Water Treatment Processes
44. What Is the Purpose of Aeration in Drinking Water?
Aeration is the process by which water is placed in intimate contact with air to amend the concentrations of dissolved gases or volatile substances.
45. Water Sample Analysis: Clay Particles in Suspension
When analyzing a water sample, a high concentration of clay particles in suspension is observed. What correction treatments should be applied to the water from which the sample was taken?
Filtration
46. Bad Smell in a Disused
Read MoreWaterborne Diseases, Treatment, and Environmental Health
Waterborne Diseases
Water serves as a transport agent for pathogens eliminated by humans through manure.
Biological Agents (Ingestion)
- Typhoid
- Paratyphoid
- Cholera
- Giardiasis
Chemical Agents
- Fluorosis (excessive fluoride)
- Lead Poisoning
- Metahemoglobinemia (nitrate)
Water Quality
- Physical impurities: related to color, odor, and flavor.
- Chemical impurities: dissolved substances resulting from the presence of water.
- Biological impurities: pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria).
Public Water Supply System
- Capture:
Terrestrial Biomes: Climate, Altitude, and Vegetation
The distribution of living beings on the Earth’s surface in the ecosphere is conditioned by several factors, including climate, mountain barriers, soil type, altitude (height above sea level), and latitude (distance to the Equator). The most significant factor is the weather, which is determined especially by temperature and precipitation.
Altitude and latitude affect temperature and precipitation. The main terrestrial biomes on the planet are:
- Tundra
- Taiga
- Grassland
- Desert
- Laurisilva
- Mediterranean forest
- Deciduous
Prehistoric Architecture: Megaliths, Dwellings, and Burials
Prehistoric Architecture
Prehistoric architecture refers to the earliest architectural structures of which remnants still exist. Prehistoric buildings can be broadly classified into two categories:
Megalithic Constructions
Derived from the Greek words megas (large) and lithos (stone), these structures are characterized by enormous blocks of uncut or roughly hewn stone. They are either found buried in the ground or forming a lintel structure with two upright stones supporting a horizontal stone. Notably,
Read MoreWood and Textile Properties: Characteristics and Uses
Wood: Properties, Procurement, and Classification
Properties of Wood
Color: The most striking property. Wood can be stained or painted.
Weight: Depends on moisture and density. The actual density of wood is approximately equal for all species, about 1.56. Apparent density varies not only from one species to another but even within the same tree, depending on moisture and the location within the tree. To find the average density of a tree, it is necessary to take samples from several sites. As the bulk
Read MoreIntraplate Phenomena and Plate Tectonics: Earth’s Dynamic Processes
**Intraplate Phenomena**
**Hot Spots**
Hot spots are areas of the land surface that show an exaggerated heat flux due to the rise of solid materials coming from the bottom of the lithosphere. When these materials affect magma, volcanic islands emerge that can remain active for millions of years (e.g., Hawaii).
**Weaknesses**
Weaknesses are fractures in the oceanic lithosphere formed from volcanic materials that emerge through cracks (e.g., Canary Islands).
**Deformation of Rocks**
The movement of plates
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