Understanding Agrarian Activities and Their Impact

Agrarian Activities: These are activities that involve the production of animal or plant materials. They are classified into agriculture, livestock, and forestry.

Factors of Production: These are elements that facilitate the development of agricultural activities. There are two main groups:

  • Physical Factors: Relief, ground, and climate.
  • Human Factors: Technological and economic advances, population.

Production Systems: Agrarian activities use a range of crop, livestock, and forestry production systems.

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Spain’s Water and Energy Resources

Watersheds Defined

A watershed is a land area and its water aquifers that provide water to the same river course.

Watershed Perspectives

Different perspectives exist, such as Galician and Cantabrian, Atlantic, and Mediterranean.

Water Use: Agriculture & Livestock

Water increases productivity and improves the living standards of farmers. However, water can be contaminated by fertilizers, pesticides, and manure.

Water Use: Urban & Industrial

The provision of water for domestic use is a priority and

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Belgium’s Industrial Revolution: Key Factors

Belgium was the first continental European region to fully adopt the model of British industrialization. Despite frequent political changes, Belgium showed a remarkable degree of continuity in its economic development model.

Several factors contributed to this early industrialization:

  • Firstly, the region had a long industrial tradition.
  • Secondly, Belgium had natural resources similar to those of Britain. Its coal deposits were readily accessible, and even after 1850, its production was greater than
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Population Geography of Spain: Sources and Distribution

Demographic Sources in Population Geography

Population Geography studies the relationships between population and space. It relies on various sources:

Key Demographic Sources

  • Census: An individualized count of a country’s population at a specific time. It collects demographic, economic, and social data (total population de facto and de jure, gender, age, marital status, etc.). The census has been conducted every 10 years since 1981 (in years ending in 1).

  • Municipal Register (Padrón Municipal): A register

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16th Century Society, Economy, and Demographics

16th Century Society and Economy

16th Century Demographics

Positive aspects: Abundant demographic sources were available, used by the state for purposes such as identifying taxpayers, controlling local resources, or managing the army and population.

Organizational precision: Church parish censuses were considered more reliable for smaller areas.

Census Data and Challenges

Several complete censuses were conducted in 16th-century Spain (1528-30, 1591). France and England also had censuses, for example:

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Understanding the Widening Bourgeois and Spanish Urban Hierarchy

The Widening Bourgeois

The widening bourgeois is a new space that meets the demands of urban growth of the bourgeoisie. Therefore, their ideas of order (in its orthogonal plane), health (paving, sewage, and green spaces), and profit.

The plot was in blocks with large open spaces occupied by gardens. The dominant land use was residential bourgeois.

The first extensions were made in Barcelona, designed by Cerdá (1859), and Madrid, by Castro (1860). Then it spread to other cities.

With the passage of

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