India: A Disaster-Prone Nation – Challenges and Responses
Chapter 1: Introduction
India is one of the world’s major theaters of disasters, both natural and human-made. Floods, droughts, cyclones, and earthquakes impact the country every year. Communal riots, conflicts, fires, epidemics, and other disasters compound the country’s chronic troubles. The social and economic progress and physical development achieved over decades can be significantly devastated and degraded by disasters.
Urbanization, industrialization, globalization, and liberalization of the
Read MoreThe Silver Basin: Argentina’s Lifeline
The Silver Basin is critical for Argentina because it represents a greater wealth of rivers, is home to 70% of the population of the country and on the front Parana-Plata, develops its most densely populated and industrialized.
What size and potential does the basin have?
It occupies an area of approximately 3,100,000 km2 extending over the territories of Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, our case covers 37% of our territory (918,900 km2).
What features has the southern sector and the installation
Read MoreCatalonia’s Socioeconomic Transformations: A Historical Analysis
Obstacles to Socioeconomic Change
Obstacles: Population growth, necessary changes in agricultural production (fertilizers and desamortization), technological revolution (CAT), raw materials, protectionism, the risk taken by the CAT bourgeoisie, and social demand.
New Social Organization
The nobility lost importance, while the bourgeoisie rose. Cities were a habitat, but not definitive, and were prepared for flow changes, such as the hipodàmic. There were owners and non-owners.
Owners
- Nobility (families
Industrialization in Spain: Textile, Steel, and Railways
Before discussing the transformation of feudal property through confiscations, let’s examine the beginnings of industrialization in Spain. This process occurred primarily in the second half of the 19th century, significantly later than in other European countries.
1. The Textile Industry
Catalonia leveraged its pre- and post-War of Independence experience, along with the loss of the American market, to modernize. Several factors contributed to this process:
- A protected domestic market due to high
Valencian Community: Geography, Climate, and Economy
Physical Map of the Valencian Community
Mountains occupy most of the Comunidad Valenciana, leaving only a narrow strip of coast to the plains. At the northern end, it borders the Iberian System.
Rivers
The main rivers are Júcar, Turia, Mijares, Vinalopó, Palancia, and Serpis.
Climate
The Valencian Community has several distinct climate zones:
- Typical Mediterranean Climate: This extends all along the coast north and center of the Community. It has mild winters due to the softening temperature characteristic
Farming Systems: Shifting, Rainfed, and Plantation Agriculture
Farming Systems: A Comparative Analysis
Shifting Cultivation
Shifting cultivation is practiced in equatorial and humid tropical regions of Africa, the Americas, and parts of Asia. The agricultural landscape consists of irregular plots surrounding villages, cultivated using primitive techniques and tools. During the dry season, the land is prepared by clearing the forest through slashing and cutting trees with machetes. The vegetation is then burned, and the potash-rich ash is used as fertilizer.
Crops
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