Spain: Relief, Climate, Water, and Vegetation
The Relief of Spain
The Meseta Central appears dislocated in two blocks: the Northern Plateau and the Southern Plateau, separated by the Central System. The Montes de Toledo subdivide the Southern Plateau. Alpine mountain ranges surround the plateau: The Pyrenees and the Betic Cordillera. Depressions also play a very important role in the peninsula.
Climate of Spain
The Iberian Peninsula is located in a temperate zone, characterized by summer and winter seasons with two well-defined intermediate
Read MoreUrban Challenges: Housing, Environment, and Social Issues
1. Problems of Cities: Spanish cities face various challenges:
- Housing Problems: The cost of buying or renting housing is very high due to land prices and speculation. Solutions require urban policy and planning. There’s a strong preference for buying over renting in Spain, which should shift to encourage renting. Renting promotes geographical mobility for work, crucial during economic crises.
- Supplies and Equipment Problems: Water and energy consumption have increased significantly, requiring expensive
The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus
The Discovery of America
Causes and Background
The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was one of the most important events in European history, shaping political, social, and economic landscapes. During the Middle Ages, Nordic expeditions reached the North American coast. However, the Portuguese and Spanish sought an alternative route to the East (India) to bypass the eastern Mediterranean routes. The fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 forced the search for alternative routes
Read MoreAgrarian Industries: Types, Models, and Challenges
Types of Agrarian Industries
Centre: A, B, C (Self-Consumption or Subsistence Farming)
Periphery: D, E
A – Proper Capitalist Farms or Agro-Industry
- They tend to an optimal size.
- Machining with high technical progress.
- Paid workforce.
- High energy, chemical, and water consumption.
- Competitiveness based on productivity and prices.
- Tendency to overproduction.
- Dependence on the financial system.
Agroindustry
- Large industrial companies.
- Market domain: they absorb the production of small and medium farmers.
- They cover
Pre-Roman Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and Celtic Influences
Pre-Roman Colonizations of Iberia: Greek and Phoenician Protohistory
Protohistory is the transition period between prehistory and history, applied to cultures which, although not yet writing, had contact with people who attest to them.
The Colonized Peoples
After the invasion of the Sea Peoples, the Iberian Peninsula was bypassed by civilization. Greeks and Phoenicians sailed to the West, lured by the mineral riches of the Iberian Peninsula. Later, the Carthaginians maintained three types of relationships:
Read MoreSpain’s Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce Sectors
Agriculture in Spain
Agriculture in Spain is modern and has the following features:
- Prevalence of intensive farming and irrigation.
- Employment of new technologies.
- Specialization of crops by region.
- Prepared staff.
- Destination of crops for export and industry.
Problems in Spanish Agriculture
- The cessation of agrarian activity.
- Use of ancient irrigation systems, consuming water and yielding few benefits.
- Conditions required by the EU to grant subsidies.
- Difficulties for some products, such as cotton or table