Al-Andalus: Society, Economy, and the Christian Kingdoms
Al-Andalus: Society, Economy, and Christian Kingdoms
Abderrahman III was the last independent emir and the first Umayyad caliph of Cordoba.
Parts of a Mosque
- Minaret (tower)
- Font of ablutions
- Courtyard (patio)
- Quibla (direction of Mecca on the wall)
- Mihrab (niche indicating the direction of Mecca)
- Prayer hall
Society in Al-Andalus
Arabs, Berbers, Muladies, Mozarabs, Jews, and Slaves
Arabs and Families of Arab Descent
- Dominant social group
- Owned
Spanish Urban Systems: Hierarchy, Roles, and Influence Areas
Spanish Urban System
City Size and the Rank-Size Rule
The size of a city is one of the bases of its urban hierarchy. It is generally assessed according to the rank-size rule, which is associated with its population. In Spain, cities with more than half a million inhabitants include Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Malaga, and Zaragoza.
Spatial Distribution
The spatial distribution of large cities in Spain is notable for two main features:
- Peripheral Arrangement: Large cities are arranged
Human Body, Energy, Spain, and History Facts
What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem consists of living things in a specific environment and the relationships between them and their habitat.
The Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system consists of the bones and cartilage (all the bones in the body) and the muscles (all the muscles in the body). Joints are the places where two bones meet or join together.
The Nervous System
The nervous system has two parts: the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous
Read MoreAsturias, León, Navarra, Aragon & Catalonia: Origins
The Kingdom of Asturias (718-910)
The Kingdom of Asturias emerged in 718 when the Visigoths in Cantabria elected Pelayo as their king. They defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Covadonga in 722. The Asturian kings gradually expanded their territory: by 800, the kingdom stretched from Galicia to Álava. By the 10th century, Alfonso III occupied the Valley of Duero. The capital moved from Oviedo to León, and the region became the Kingdom of León.
The Formation of Navarra, Aragon, and Catalonia
The
Read MoreContinents: Geography, Mountains, and Key Features
Continents: Geography and Key Features
Africa, the third largest continent, is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean (West) and the Indian Ocean (East). It is separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from Asia by the Red Sea. The continent is mainly flat, with an average altitude of 750m, and features many plateaus. Major mountain ranges include the Atlas Mountains (North-West) and the Drakensberg Mountains (South-East). The Great Rift Valley (East) is a long valley formed by a geological fault,
Read MoreThe Second Industrial Revolution: Innovations, Impact, and Expansion
The Second Industrial Revolution: Population Growth and Migration
The improvement of hygiene and healthcare, along with medical advancements, facilitated a new phase of European population growth. Discoveries in medicine helped to stop major epidemics in Europe, and the decline in mortality from infectious diseases, caused by a decrease in infant mortality, led to an increase in life expectancy. This drop in mortality resulted in a European population explosion.
This population growth was not accompanied
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