20th Century Economic Development in Latin America: From Primary Exports to Industrialization
EVOLUTION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN 20TH CENTURY LATIN AMERICA
OECD and Economic Growth
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) comprises mostly developed countries. Its focus is on economic growth and development, aiming to improve quality of life through advancements in health, education, and other areas.
Government Measures and Economic Development
Governments play a crucial role in economic development by implementing policies and regulations that foster growth and stability.
Read MorePopulation Growth and Economic Development in India
CAUSES FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE:
Though India’s birth rate has declined from 39.9 per 1000 in 1951 to 21.4 per 1000 in 2013, it remains high compared to other countries. Several factors contribute to this:
Social and Cultural Factors:
- Universality of Marriage and Low Marriage Age: Marriage is considered a necessity, and the low age of marriage (18 for girls, 21 for boys) leads to a longer reproductive span.
- Agricultural Economy: The agricultural nature of the economy, with readily available jobs, encourages
Population Growth and Poverty in India
Causes for High Birth Rate in India
Despite a declining trend, India’s birth rate remains high compared to other countries. Several factors contribute to this:
Social and Cultural Factors
- Universality of Marriage and Low Marriage Age: Marriage is considered essential, and the young age at marriage extends the reproductive span.
- Agricultural Economy: The agricultural sector provides ample job opportunities, encouraging larger families in rural areas.
- Poverty, Illiteracy, and Ignorance: Poverty fuels the
Pre-Columbian Civilizations and the Spanish Conquest of America
Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Incas
- Centralized in Cuzco
- Descendants of the sun
- Preferred peaceful methods
- Established indirect governments
- Built the Inca Trail with agricultural and dairy settlements
- Imposed the Quechua language
- Had a complex administrative system called the Quipu
- Practiced a”political religio” involving oracles, sacrifices, and public confessions
- Used Mitimaes to assimilate conquered peoples
- Cultivated in terraces and ridges (Waru Waru)
- Had a labor system called Mita
- Practiced Minka, a form
Industrial Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis
Overview
The Industrial Revolution, spanning three distinct phases, marked a period of profound transformation in human history. Each phase brought about significant advancements in technology, energy sources, and industrial processes, leading to dramatic shifts in economic structures, social organization, and living conditions.
First Industrial Revolution (1780-1850)
Key Characteristics
- Period: 1780-1850
- Energy Sources: Steam power, coal
- Machines: Steam engine, railway, spinning jenny, cotton mills wheel,
French Wine Regions and Appellations: A Comprehensive Guide
LECON 5: Wine Legislation in France and Europe
Early Wine Laws and the INAO
The first wine laws in France were established in 1905 to combat fraud. In 1935, the Institut National de l’Origine et de la Qualité (INAO) was created to regulate and protect French agricultural products, including wine.
France’s wine laws are now harmonized with the European Union (EU), which has established three levels of appellations:
EU Wine Appellations
1. Table Wines
- Wine of the European Union (EU): Made with grapes from