World Climates: A Comprehensive Overview
World Climates
Introduction
Weather describes the atmosphere’s current state, while climate represents long-term weather patterns. Some climates remain consistent year-round, while others experience seasonal variations.
Climate Zones
Equatorial Climate
Temperatures: High and constant (22-32°C). Rainfall: Abundant, exceeding 2000mm annually, with heavy afternoon thunderstorms.
Tropical Continental Climate
- Dry Season: Hot and dry, similar to desert conditions.
- Wet Season: Hot and wet, resembling equatorial
Human Settlements: An Overview
Human Settlements and Their Forms
Human settlements take various forms in space. There are two main types: rural and urban settlements.
Rural Settlements
Rural settlements encompass small-scale human communities, including villages and towns. These settlements are characterized by the dominance of primary sector activities.
Urban Settlements
Urban settlements consist of larger communities, namely cities. The population in urban areas is primarily employed in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
Rural Settlements:
Read MoreUrban Hierarchy and Evolution of Bilbao, Spain
Spanish Urban Hierarchy
The hierarchical organization of Spanish cities is evident. Major metropolitan areas like Madrid and Barcelona exert a strong influence on smaller cities, creating a ripple effect across the country. This hierarchy is based on population size, economic functions, and service offerings.
Categories of Cities
- Metropolises (250,000+ inhabitants): Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia.
- State Metropolises (4,000,000+ inhabitants): Madrid and Barcelona, with global influence.
- Sub-Regional
Spanish Industry: Historical Development, Structure, and Crisis
1. Historical Development of Spanish Industry (1855-1975)
a) Commencement of Industrialization (1855-1900)
Spain’s industrialization began later than in other European countries. Several factors contributed to this delay:
- Limited raw materials and energy resources.
- Low entrepreneurial spirit.
- Scarce capital.
- Significant technological backwardness.
- Limited demand for industrial products.
- Unfavorable external factors.
- Inadequate industrial policies.
b) Industrial Growth in the First Third of the 20th Century
This
Read MoreThe Industrial Revolution: A Transformative Period
1. What Was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a transformative movement originating in England, marked by radical changes in production methods. This period led to significant social phenomena worldwide. Historians generally place the Industrial Revolution between 1760 and 1870 (though some argue it ended in 1840). The term “industrial revolution” appeared in France around 1820. Its roots can be traced to the medieval period, when growing trade outpaced the output of craft
Read MoreSustainable Urban Planning: A Comprehensive Guide
Planning
Introduction
Planning is an organized social activity to develop the best strategy to achieve a given set of objectives.
Approaches
Rationalist Approach
Centers on the problem and aims to define the mode of action (total sequence of shares) to achieve the goal (to solve the problem).
Strategic Approach
Centers on the intermediate steps and sequential processes. It defines flexible and adaptive action strategies, focusing on the next steps to minimize the problem.
Planning Procedure
Image Planning
Objective:
Read More