Urban Development Through the Eras: A Critical Geography Perspective
Week 1: Introduction to Urban Geography
What is a City?
Cities are dense population clusters where people live in close quarters, fostering interactions. Key features include:
- Size: Large population centers.
- Heterogeneity (Diversity): A division of labor with a wide range of jobs and industries, and social diversity encouraging various cultures and lifestyles.
- Public Needs: Infrastructure and services like air quality, water, sewage, housing, and emergency services.
- Tempo of Life: Fast-paced and busy.
Feudal Society in the Middle Ages: A Hierarchical System
The Feudal Society
Origins of Feudalism
In the 9th century, Europe faced numerous invaders: the Vikings from Scandinavia established kingdoms in Northwest Europe; the Magyars from Asia raided Eastern Europe; and the Saracens from North Africa attacked Southern Europe.
Most people lacked the means to defend themselves against these invaders and sought constant protection. They found this protection from nobles who possessed private armies and fortified castles where people could seek refuge during invasions.
Read MoreAnalysis of Agrarian Structures and Land Use in Spain
Land Plot Classifications and Agricultural Practices
Land plot classifications, such as latifundios (large estates) and minifundios (smallholdings), significantly influence land ownership distribution. Latifundios comprise over 50% of the land, owned by a small percentage of individuals, while minifundios represent a smaller portion of the land with a larger number of owners. The degree of dominion over land, whether direct or indirect, impacts agricultural practices. Fallowing, leaving land uncultivated
Read More19th Century Industrialization: Great Britain, US, Belgium & Germany
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century
Great Britain: The First Industrial Nation
In 1815, Great Britain was the world’s leading manufacturing and commercial nation, retaining its dominance for most of the 19th century. Agriculture played a crucial role.
Great Britain: The Workshop of the World (1830-1870)
Textiles, coal, iron, and engineering were the pillars of Britain’s early prosperity. The leading strategy involved exporting final products and technology.
- Textile Industry: By 1880, Britain’
Spanish Urban System: Structure, Evolution, and Functions
Spanish Urban System
System of Cities
The Spanish urban system, a dynamic network of urban centers, reflects the country’s historical development, geographical diversity, and economic transformations. It operates at global, regional, and national scales, with physical features like the coast and rivers playing a crucial role in its formation.
Historical Development
The Roman era laid the foundation for the urban network, followed by a medieval urban renaissance in the 12th and 13th centuries. Trade
Read MoreWorld Climates: A Comprehensive Overview
World Climates
Introduction
Weather describes the atmosphere’s current state, while climate represents long-term weather patterns. Some climates remain consistent year-round, while others experience seasonal variations.
Climate Zones
Equatorial Climate
Temperatures: High and constant (22-32°C). Rainfall: Abundant, exceeding 2000mm annually, with heavy afternoon thunderstorms.
Tropical Continental Climate
- Dry Season: Hot and dry, similar to desert conditions.
- Wet Season: Hot and wet, resembling equatorial