19th Century Catalonia: Migration, Agriculture, and Industrialization
19th Century Catalonia
Migration
Types of Migration
- Internal Migration:
- Rural-urban migration, particularly during the 19th century.
- Center-periphery movement, especially from north to south, towards industrial centers like Catalonia.
- External Migration: Primarily to the Americas (especially from southern Spain).
Population Growth in 19th Century Catalonia
Catalonia’s population grew from 500,000 in 1787 to 900,000 in 1787 and reached 1.9 million by 1900. This rapid growth led to increased internal and
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Demographic and Agricultural Revolutions
Demographic Revolution
Beginning in mid-eighteenth-century Europe, an organic growth process started. Increased food production, improved hygiene, and advancements in medicine led to reduced mortality and a slight increase in the birth rate.
Agricultural Revolution
Population growth increased demand for food, resulting in higher agricultural prices. Privatization of land and new cultivation methods and techniques emerged. Land became private property. Innovations
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Castilian Political Institutions (14th-15th Centuries)
The Castilian crown strengthened in the 14th and 15th centuries, with the king defending absolute supremacy. This doctrine asserted the king as ruler of subjects, subordinated to the monarch’s unlimited authority and responsible only to God. The strength of the Castilian monarchy manifested in several ways:
At the State Level:
- Castile and its territories merged, leading to the emergence of royal institutions.
- The Royal Council (1385), heir to the
Hominization and Pre-Roman Peoples in the Iberian Peninsula
Section 2.1: Hominization in the Iberian Peninsula
Hominization is a long evolutionary process beginning with the earliest hominids and culminating with Homo sapiens. It began in Africa some 5 million years ago with Australopithecus (who walked upright), followed by Homo habilis (capable of building and using tools) and Homo erectus (the first hominid to use fire and migrate out of Africa).
The remains of the oldest hominid fossil found in Europe are located at the site of Atapuerca (Burgos) and belong
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Protectionist Measures During the 1929 Crisis
Following the 1929 crisis, central countries adopted extreme protectionist measures to safeguard their economies. This involved reducing purchases of raw materials and foodstuffs from peripheral nations like Argentina.
Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Argentina
The global economic crisis significantly impacted Argentina’s trade balance and agricultural capitalists’ income. Maintaining investments in the primary export sector became increasingly challenging.
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Society and Economy During the Restoration (1875-1931)
Population Growth and Migration
The Spanish population grew slowly but steadily. The mainland coastal provinces experienced the greatest population growth due to declining mortality rates, although the birth rate remained lower. Life expectancy increased from 35 in 1900 to 50 in 1930, thanks to economic changes, improved public health and hygiene, and more abundant food supplies. Rural populations grew, but increased unemployment led many peasants
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