Urban & Population Glossary: Key Terms Explained
Urban & Population Glossary
Demographic Concepts
Population Movements
Pendular Movements: Population movements of repetitive and moderate duration. The most common occur between places of residence and work, or between suburbs and central cities. This often results from the transfer of residence to the outskirts or rural areas near the city, which offer cheaper housing and a better environment.
Population Data
Municipal Register: The register of residents in each municipality. It collects demographic,
Read MoreInternal Migration in Spain During the 20th Century
Internal Migration in Spain During the 20th Century
Migratory movements within Spain are a characteristic demographic phenomenon. Internal migration has had a decisive influence on the country’s history, exceeding external migration in quantitative significance. Causes are mainly economic (unemployment, population pressure, labor needs), reflecting national conditions and creating regional imbalances. Various types of internal migration exist, categorized by time and location:
- Seasonal/Short-Term:
19th Century Spanish Social Classes and Movements
2 The Popular Classes in 19th Century Spain
The term “agrumanos classes” referred to the socially disadvantaged groups during the liberal revolution in Spain. This included traditional artisans, farmers, poor laborers, and the emerging proletariat brought about by industrialization.
2.1 Artisans and Urban Groups
The urban lower classes primarily worked in service sectors. Women often found employment in domestic service, with approximately one-quarter of the female population working in this field,
Read MoreEU Environmental Policy: A Comprehensive Analysis
Introduction
Environmental policy within the European Union (EU) is a relatively recent development, with its primary objective being the continuous improvement of living and working conditions for its citizens. This policy reached its full definition in 1972 during the Conference on the Human Environment, which highlighted the need to protect the environment and achieve the objectives of the Treaty of Rome, specifically combating pollution and its consequences.
Early Stages and Development
The 1970s
Read MorePublic Services in Catalonia, Spain, and Europe
Public Educational Services
The State Service provides free secondary education. It is a significant part of the state budget, accounting for 17% in 2006.
Social Security
Social security services include health, social security, and subsidies. It is the State’s largest expenditure, around 27%. Health services are provided through primary health care centers and hospitals. Pensions are applicable upon reaching retirement age or earlier in case of disability. Grants offer financial aid, such as unemployment
Read MoreThe Evolution of Spanish Cities: From Preindustrial to Modern
The Preindustrial City: The Old Town
The old town represents the urbanized area of a city from its origin to the beginning of industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century. While it occupies a small area in today’s cities, it holds immense cultural and historical value.
The Legacy of the Pre-industrial Era
The old town typically exhibits several common characteristics:
- Walls: Almost all cities were surrounded by walls for defensive, fiscal, and health purposes.
- Irregular Street Layout: Many ancient