Industrial Revolution and Socioeconomic Transformations
Rail and Steam Power
Rail
Used in mines to transport mineral wagons, the innovative rail system with steel wheels and tabs prevented derailment. Stephenson’s 1829 locomotive revolutionized transportation by using steam power. This innovation shortened journeys, increased travel safety, and made freight cheaper.
Steamboats
Iron steamboats replaced sailing vessels. The first steamboats began running in the U.S. around 1807, and by 1847, ships could cross the Atlantic Ocean.
Liberalism and Capitalism
Liberalism
In
Read MoreSustainable Forestry and Agriculture: Environmental Practices
Sustainable Forestry and Agriculture
Forestry involves the cultivation and utilization of forests. Agriculture, on the other hand, refers to the extensive cultivation of farmland with capital investment and reduced labor.
Farming Systems
- Extensive Farming: Large land tracts, mechanization, low yields per hectare.
- Intensive Farming: High input of labor or capital, maximizing yield and quality.
- Sustainable Agriculture: Environmentally friendly practices, utilizing natural resources and avoiding harmful
Urban Planning and Development Glossary
Urban Planning and Development Glossary
A
Adarves
Streets common in Islamic city plans with a single entrance or exit.
Metropolitan Area
An urban complex consisting of a central city and its area of influence, characterized by commuting workers, geographical continuity between municipalities, and a connecting transport system.
Peri-urban Area
The area located on the perimeter or periphery of the city, often bordering a rural area. (Also urban)
Casco Histórico (Historic Center)
The core of an ancient city
Read MoreEconomic Concepts and Urban Planning Essentials
Consumer Goods Industry
Industries that provide any consumer good directly to consumers. These goods satisfy human needs, such as cars, pencils, or televisions.
Capital Goods Industry
Industries that use primary materials to produce machinery, tools, and industrial equipment for other industries. This includes construction, mechanical processing, and manufacturing machinery.
Monopoly
A market where there is only one producer for a specific product or service. This product has no substitute, making it
Read MoreEssential Geography & Demography Concepts
Climate
Aridity
State in which water loss, either by evaporation or transpiration, exceeds atmospheric water contributions via precipitation, resulting in a water deficit.
Mountain Climate
Characterized by a decrease in temperature as altitude increases (approximately 0.65°C per 100 meters). Example: the Pyrenees.
Mediterranean Climate
Temperate climate characterized by the absence of summer rainfall.
Oceanic Climate
Temperate climate characterized by abundant and regular rainfall throughout the year,
Read MoreIndustrial Revolutions: Transformations and Impacts
1. Factors of the First Industrial Revolution
Prior to the industrial revolution, three key changes occurred: population growth, agricultural expansion, and a shift in economic thinking. From the mid-18th century, birth rates remained high while mortality decreased, leading to rapid population growth. Agricultural techniques improved, farming was reformed, and land became private property, allowing farmers to accumulate capital. This led to a rural exodus and investment in new businesses, driven
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