Medieval Cities & Colonial Empires: Art & Societal Shifts
Medieval Trade & Urban Resurgence
From the twelfth century, the stagnant rural society began to transform. Major cities emerged, channeling industrial and commercial activity.
Many cities originated from burgs, centers for manufacturing and trade. This led to specialized production, necessitating exchange as urban areas were not self-sufficient like feudal lands. Medieval markets and fairs were born.
Trade routes reopened, increasing contact between burgs, towns, and rural areas. This spurred migration
Read MoreSpain’s 19th Century Economic Transformation
Introduction
The 19th century marked the era of industrialization, witnessing the birth of a new society in some countries where industry became an activity of unprecedented magnitude. Industrialization brought about a radical change in production methods and societal organization. Spain’s evolution was unique but not exceptional; like many eastern and southern countries, it lagged in consolidating an industrialized society. Its economic transformation was modest, remaining predominantly agrarian
Read MoreSpanish Migration: Historical Trends and Patterns
Spanish Migration: A Historical Overview
Spain’s strategic location between Europe and Africa has shaped its active migratory past, serving as both a transit point and settlement for diverse populations. The loss of population in the hinterland and peripheral conditions led to an unequal population distribution. Emigration to America after 1492 marked a key event in the history of Spanish migration. The most significant migratory flows have varied in composition by age, sex, and profession, occurring
Read MoreEuropean Dominance: Industrialization and Imperialism
Dominant Europe
The Second Industrial Revolution led to a division between industrialized and non-industrialized countries, with Europe imposing its economic model, ideals, and culture on much of the planet.
Between 1873-1890, industrialized Europe faced an economic crisis due to agricultural issues and overproduction. Innovation, restructuring, and market expansion helped overcome the crisis, leading to protectionist policies and the search for new markets and resources in Asia, Africa, and Latin
Read MoreMesoamerican and Andean Civilizations: Politics, Society, and Economy
Maya Political Aspects
The Maya were located between Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The Mayan population was organized into autonomous cities, ruled by a hereditary monarch called halach uinic.
Maya Social Structure and Economy
The main economic activity of the Maya was communal agriculture. Farmers collectively cultivated land to produce crops such as corn, cassava, and cocoa beans using rudimentary methods.
The Maya had a social organization based on caste differences. At the top was
Read MoreJovellanos’ Agrarian Reform: Spain’s Missed Economic Opportunity
Report on the Agrarian Law File: Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
Context and Author
This report on the Agrarian Law File of Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos examines Spain’s economic challenges in the late 18th century. Jovellanos, a prominent political writer and ilustrado, held various judicial positions and actively participated in economic societies. His career included a brief tenure as Secretary of Grace and Justice, followed by exile. He later served on the Central Board during the French occupation.
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