Rise of Islam: History, Culture, and Legacy
The Birth of Islam
Arabia Before Muhammad
Islam emerged in 7th-century Arabia, a region mostly desert between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Arabia was divided into tribes, each with a leader. The economy varied: nomadic Bedouins practiced pastoralism, while settled populations engaged in agriculture and trade, especially in cities like Mecca and Medina, key stops on trade routes between India and the Mediterranean. Religiously, Bedouins were fetishists, while farmers and traders were polytheists.
Read MoreHagia Sophia: Architectural Marvel & Byzantine Legacy
All these elements described above highlight two main areas of interest: the large central dome and the exedra with the main apse, where the longitudinal axis ends and the altar stood.
The combination of volume sets, lighting effects, and gilded mosaics give visitors the impression that the covering is suspended in the air. This feeling would increase during religious ceremonies, where large quantities of incense created a mystical atmosphere, screened by golden rays of light multiplied and reflected
Read MoreRural Spain: Economic Challenges, Development, and Sustainability
Recent Dynamics of Rural Areas
The transformations and progress experienced by agricultural activities have not affected all Spanish countryside areas equally.
- Some districts have shown minor adaptation to change while maintaining low domestic yields. These areas, termed “rural backwaters,” exemplify the so-called crisis in the countryside.
- Other counties have adapted and specialized in competitive, high-yield production integrated into the market economy.
Considering these problems, it is necessary
Read MoreSocioeconomic Structures and Political Transformations in Early Modern Europe
Item 1: The Old Regime in Europe
1) Economic Subsistence
a) Property: Land was the primary source of wealth, often tied to nobility, the Church, municipalities, or the Crown.
- Territorial Lordship: Land ownership (noble or ecclesiastical) included the demesne (land reserved for the lord’s exploitation) and tenured land for workers or servants.
- Manorial Rights: Lords received benefits and revenues from their properties, including economic exploitation (personal benefits, farmers’ dues, monopolies) and
Age of Exploration: New Trade Routes & the Discovery of America
The Objectives of the Biggest Travel
In the Middle Ages, trade with Eastern Europe was conducted through the Silk Road, which ran through the Mediterranean to Constantinople and then crossed Central Asia. In 1453, the Turks conquered Constantinople, and the traditional oriental trade routes were disrupted. This led to the need for new sea routes to access luxury goods from the East. Thus, from the 15th century onwards, a series of maritime expeditions were carried out, opening new trade routes, leading
Read MoreEuropean Industrial Revolution: Society, Technology, and Ideologies
Item 3: Industrialization of European Societies
1. Population and Agriculture
1.1. The Demographic Revolution
From the mid-eighteenth century, Europe experienced a demographic revolution. Increased food production, hygiene, and medical advancements dramatically decreased mortality, increasing population. Birth rates also rose slightly due to improved health and life expectancy.
1.2. The Agricultural Revolution
Increased population demanded more food, raising agricultural prices. This spurred landowners
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