Primary Sector Activities: Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, and Fishing
Primary Sector Activities
The primary sector encompasses activities involving natural resources: agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing, and mining.
Physical Factors of Production
Area: Temperature (sunny and shady areas), altitude, rainfall, slope, altitudinal temperature gradient, wind exposure, adverse weather, and soil conditions.
Human Factors in Agriculture
Population growth, ownership and operation, technical and technological level, economic conditions, operating system or land tenure, agricultural
Read MoreMedieval City Governance and Social Structure
III.3 – City Governance
The political autonomy of cities varied greatly. English cities were dependent, while Italian city-states were autonomous. Urban franchises granted economic freedoms. Residents could gain self-governance through land rights. City governance typically had three levels: General Assembly (all residents), Council (deliberates on urban management), and Executive Branch. Appointments combined election, co-optation, and drawing.
Political autonomy unified cities legally. Symbols like
Read More19th Century Spain: Agriculture, Industry, and Economic Shifts
1. Agricultural Transformation
1.1 Private Land Ownership
Liberal governments of the 19th century introduced new legal concepts of property rights, leading to the consolidation of private land ownership. This involved abolishing feudal dues and confiscating land from the Church and city halls, allowing land to be freely bought and sold.
1.2 Effects of Agrarian Reform
While peasants were freed, their situation improved little. Many became employees or day laborers. Land confiscations and modifications
Read MoreEurope’s Socioeconomic Evolution: From Old Regime to Industrialization
Old Regime
The Old Regime was a form of social organization and economic policy prevalent in most European countries between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was characterized by:
- An economy based on agriculture.
- A society divided into estates.
- A political organization based on monarchy.
- Artistic expression: Baroque.
Manorial Agriculture Economy
The economy was primarily rural, with 80-90% of the population engaged in agriculture. Only a small portion of the land was freely tradable; the rest was tied to
Read MoreIndustrial Policies, Tourism, and Urban Systems in Spain
Industrial Policies
The administration faced major challenges regarding industrial policies. Different types of industrial policies were implemented, such as the “poles of development” policy during the 1970s, which led to rapid industrial growth but also caused significant imbalances. The government promoted industry, and location policy was guided by the “desarrollo” poles. Two types of poles can be distinguished based on their location:
- Poles located in cities near main industrial sources to channel
Spain’s 19th Century Economic Transformation: Agriculture, Industry & Railroad
1. Economic Transformation
The economies of some European countries transformed during the nineteenth century. Mechanization and energy use changed production, consolidating private ownership. Spain experienced major economic changes but did not fully industrialize. Domestic demand for industrial products was self-sufficient. There were two stages: a stagnant economy until 1840 and slow growth from 1840 onward.
2. Confiscation Process and Agricultural Change
In the old system, land purchase and sale
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