Global Industrial and Agricultural Landscapes
Industrial Sectors
Europe
The highest industrial concentration in Europe is in Southeast England, Benelux, Alsace-Lorraine, the Black Forest, Switzerland, and the Po Valley. Lower density is found in older industrial regions like Eastern and Northern Spain, Scotland, and the Rhone Valley. Isolated industrial enclaves exist around Madrid, Dublin, Lisbon, and Athens.
United States
A leading power in basic industrial products and electrical use, the U.S. traditionally focused industry in the Northeast.
Read MoreFeudal Economic Expansion: Population, Agriculture, and Trade (10th-14th C.)
Characteristics of Feudal Economic Expansion (10th-14th Centuries)
Economic Growth
Economic growth during this period was extensive but short-lived and often reversible. Increased production relied more on expanding cropland and family-based production units than on capital investment or improved efficiency. This made it susceptible to the law of diminishing marginal productivity, especially in agriculture. The 10th-13th centuries saw considerable growth, followed by a decline in both product and
Read MoreCharles V’s Reign: Legacy, Conflicts, and Wars
The Empire of Charles V: Internal Conflicts
a) The Heritage of Charles V
- Maternal Inheritance: The Crown of Aragon, Castile and Navarre, North African possessions, and Italian territories.
- Paternal Inheritance: Netherlands and Franche-Comté.
- 1515: Territories of his grandfather Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) south of present-day Germany, Austria, and the Tyrol. Also, the rights to the imperial crown (Charles V in 1519).
This vast and diverse inheritance consisted of heterogeneous states that were
Read MoreSpanish Land Confiscation in the 19th Century: Impacts and Outcomes
Definition
The confiscation and auction of land involving servants (city and state) and the Church developed in Spain in different stages. These centered around the attempts by Godoy, the Cortes of Cadiz, and the Liberal Triennium, culminating in two large confiscations: the ecclesiastical Mendizabal and the civil Madoz.
Spanish Country Situation
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Spanish countryside was characterized by rentier exploitation. Landowners sought income, precluding innovation.
Read MorePopulation & Urbanization Key Concepts
Population and Urbanization
Census
A census counts all inhabitants of a country at a specific time, usually on the same day. It includes demographic information such as sex, age, marital status, place of birth, education level, employment status, and nationality. Censuses are typically conducted every ten years. In Spain, they occur in March of years ending in 1, with the latest being in March 1991.
Migration
Migration refers to the permanent displacement of people from one place of residence to another.
Read MoreUnderstanding City Concepts, Development, Morphology, and Structure
Defining the Concept of City
The concept of a city is complex, resulting from a combination of several criteria:
- Quantitative/Statistical: Based on population figures. In Spain, urban municipalities have over 10,000 inhabitants.
- Qualitative: Defines the city based on its characteristics.
- Morphological: Considers the city’s formal aspect.
- Functional: Focuses on urban economic activities, distinct from farming.
- Sociological: Defines the city by its social traits, such as diversity and impersonal relationships,