Agrarian Structure and Rural Change in Spain
Rural Areas and Their Transformations
Rural areas are the undeveloped lands on the Earth’s surface, including developed agricultural areas where farming, ranching, and forestry take place. In the 1970s, other activities were introduced, such as residential, industrial, services, recreation, and landscape conservation. At present, the rural area is more heterogeneous and complex.
1. Factors: Physical and Human Elements
In Spain, a variety of rural areas exist due to the influence of various physical
Read MoreKey Aspects of Economic and Environmental Security
Economic security or financial security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the foreseeable future. It includes probable continued solvency and predictability of the future cash flow of a person or other economic entity, such as a country.
Economic Security Tools
- Sanctions: Politically motivated denial or threat of denial of normal economic relations in order to influence the behavior of adversaries without going to war
- Have developed
Country Profiles: Population, Economy, Society
US
Population
Approximately 300 million inhabitants spread over its 50 States. Natural increase is low, with low birth rates and low mortality. Population aging is a factor. A large immigrant population is concentrated in urban megalopolis areas (large metropolitan areas).
Economy
Agriculture occupies a small but productive part of the population. It is highly specialized through belts (large areas specialized in cotton, wheat, and corn monoculture). Industry: Abundant energy and mineral resources.
Read MoreEra of Industry and Empire
Second Industrial Revolution
Key Concepts
- S.I.R.: Characterized by rapid industrialization due mainly to the increase in the importance of the financial sector.
- Cartels: Agreement to share the market and avoid competition.
- Trusts: Vertical associations formed by various companies working in different industries to control the market and avoid competition. Controlled by one person or bank.
- Holding Companies: Stock companies that earned profits by buying and holding shares.
New Energy Sources
- Electricity:
South America, Africa, and the Caribbean: A Geographic Perspective
Andes Mountains
The Andes are the longest mountain range in the world, located in western South America, stretching from Venezuela to Chile.
Lecture 1: Key Geographic Questions
Geographers explore the location of things, the reasons behind their placement, and how humans interact with their surroundings.
Divisions of Geography
- Physical Geography: Study of natural landscapes (mountains, rivers).
- Human Geography: Study of human societies (cities, cultures).
- Regional Geography: Study of specific regions.
Regionalization
Defining
Read MoreWorld Continents: Demographics, Industries, and Societies
Europe
Europe is a large Eurasian peninsula with over 700 million inhabitants. It features high life expectancy (around 78 years for women and 70 for men) and low birth rates, with an average of 1.42 children per woman. Natural vegetation is scarce due to development. Much of the population lives in cities, with about a quarter residing in rural areas.
European Economy
The European economy is primarily oriented towards industry and services. Agriculture employs a small fraction of the population but
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