Uruguayan State Formation: Artiguist Federalism to Modernization
1) Artiguist Federalism Project
The proposed Artiguist project aimed for offensive-defensive alliances among provinces, each preserving its power, jurisdiction, and rights not expressly delegated, as stated in the Instructions of 1813. This ensured that provinces had their own constitutions, governments, armies, and economic resources (land and enemy property), escaping tax-free trade and breaking the port monopoly of Buenos Aires.
The Artiguist project favored union based on respect for freedom,
Read MoreSpain’s Industrial Revolution: Cotton, Steel, and the Railway
The Industrial Revolution in Spain
The Rise of Cotton Textiles
Industrialization in Spain began with the cotton textile industry, primarily located in Catalonia due to its existing manufacturing base. In 1870, information about advancements in England reached Barcelona, and English engineers subsequently trained local workers. This success can be attributed to Catalan employers who accumulated and invested capital, had access to skilled labor, and benefited from established transport and commercial
Read MoreRise of Industrial Capitalism and the Labor Movement
The Dawn of Industrialization
Demographic and Agricultural Revolutions
From the mid-18th century, Europe experienced a population surge, rising from 140 million in 1750 to 266 million by 1850. This growth, particularly pronounced in Britain, fueled demand for food, leading to agricultural innovations. Land privatization and new cultivation techniques, such as the Norfolk system, increased productivity. The introduction of new crops like potatoes and maize diversified diets.
Technological Advancements
Technological
Read MoreSociety, Enlightenment, and Trade in 18th Century Europe
Estamental Society in the Old Regime
The Old Regime society was divided into estates. The nobility and clergy were the privileged classes, and the rest of society had no privileges.
The Privileged Classes
The Nobility: Belonged to the nobility by birth, although the King granted titles as payment for services. The nobility possessed lands on which rents were paid and could not be jailed or subjected to judicial processes. They were subjected to the King’s jurisdiction.
The Clergy: Possessed wealth,
Read MoreUrban Concepts: Metropolitan Areas, City Planning, and Urban Forms
Metropolitan Area
A highly urbanized area including a central city and its surrounding peripheral zone, incorporating satellite towns. It’s characterized by interconnected urban functions and daily commuting. Examples include Madrid, Seville, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, Zaragoza, and Malaga.
Peri-urban Area
The area immediately surrounding cities, with a mix of rural and urban uses. It houses a growing number of commuters and results from urban expansion, typically extending 15-50 km from the city.
Read MorePrimary Sector Activities: Farming, Livestock, Forestry & Fishing
1. Factors Influencing Agriculture: People farm almost everywhere. Physical factors determine farming ease or difficulty. Historically crucial, now humans create technical solutions.
Climate: Extreme weather hinders farming. Greenhouses offer controlled environments.
Terrain: Altitude and flatness impact farming. Plains and valleys are common; terraces are used on slopes.
Soil: Texture and composition dictate crop suitability. Humans can adjust conditions or use artificial soil.
2. Agrarian Landscapes:
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